{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128919764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2026.114195","title":"Forecast-enhanced bilevel real-time pricing for microgrids via hybrid-action reinforcement learning","display_name":"Forecast-enhanced bilevel real-time pricing for microgrids via hybrid-action reinforcement learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128919764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2026.114195"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2026.114195","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2026.114195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S900972176","display_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-1976","issn":["0952-1976","1873-6769"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jingqi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4732-595X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingqi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4732-595X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126007113","display_name":"Yan Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Emergency Management, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China","School of Management, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9388-6418","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Emergency Management, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116571946","display_name":"He Youmeng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youmeng He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5683-6840","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126007113"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"],"apc_list":{"value":3170,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3170},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19535993,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"170","issue":null,"first_page":"114195","last_page":"114195"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.3312999904155731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.3312999904155731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.3176000118255615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.14509999752044678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8033999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.7402999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilevel-optimization","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","score":0.7294999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.475600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-pricing","display_name":"Dynamic pricing","score":0.4237000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.4034999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.38359999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.3693000078201294}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8033999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.7402999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4907693","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","level":3,"score":0.7294999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.504800021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.475600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779391423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17009728","display_name":"Dynamic pricing","level":2,"score":0.4237000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.4034999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.38359999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.3693000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187633118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1317949","display_name":"Economic dispatch","level":4,"score":0.3571999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44616089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30158686","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction","level":3,"score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2026.114195","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2026.114195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S900972176","display_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-1976","issn":["0952-1976","1873-6769"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8123331665992737,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7210003040","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u9700\u6c42\u4fa7\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5b9e\u65f6\u7535\u4ef7\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u6700\u5927\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"72071130","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W3033933693","https://openalex.org/W3034272367","https://openalex.org/W3090966389","https://openalex.org/W3109574507","https://openalex.org/W3118877686","https://openalex.org/W3132052292","https://openalex.org/W3148961951","https://openalex.org/W3177041811","https://openalex.org/W3183880600","https://openalex.org/W3188856100","https://openalex.org/W3195386059","https://openalex.org/W3202758697","https://openalex.org/W3210550297","https://openalex.org/W3217174239","https://openalex.org/W4200598305","https://openalex.org/W4221098327","https://openalex.org/W4224294527","https://openalex.org/W4283769870","https://openalex.org/W4285294440","https://openalex.org/W4285309707","https://openalex.org/W4285384219","https://openalex.org/W4286582010","https://openalex.org/W4307815869","https://openalex.org/W4308599811","https://openalex.org/W4312505696","https://openalex.org/W4321195568","https://openalex.org/W4321483095","https://openalex.org/W4386698249","https://openalex.org/W4391297004","https://openalex.org/W4392563885","https://openalex.org/W4393241330","https://openalex.org/W4396853156","https://openalex.org/W4400678942","https://openalex.org/W4405432718","https://openalex.org/W4408288142"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2026-02-15T00:00:00"}