{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411955549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2025.111223","title":"Addressing anomalies in smart grids: Methods for detecting and localizing high-current loads","display_name":"Addressing anomalies in smart grids: Methods for detecting and localizing high-current loads","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411955549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2025.111223"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2025.111223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2025.111223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S900972176","display_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-1976","issn":["0952-1976","1873-6769"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2025.111223","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051651544","display_name":"\u00d6nder C\u0131velek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5893-8630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162720556","display_name":"Karadeniz Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03z8fyr40","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162720556"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Onder Civelek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Trabzon Vocational High School, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5893-8630","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trabzon Vocational High School, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162720556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045277059","display_name":"Sedat G\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2172-2144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162720556","display_name":"Karadeniz Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03z8fyr40","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162720556"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sedat Gormus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2172-2144","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162720556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047527167","display_name":"Halil \u0130brahim Okumu\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4303-5057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162720556","display_name":"Karadeniz Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03z8fyr40","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162720556"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H.\u0130brahim Okumus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4303-5057","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162720556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013307590","display_name":"Hasan Y\u0131lmaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5420-6456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127824","display_name":"Electrical Distribution Design (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jgkwp62","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127824"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Yilmaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["F\u0131rat Electricity Distribution Co., Elaz\u0131\u011f, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5420-6456","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"F\u0131rat Electricity Distribution Co., Elaz\u0131\u011f, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127824"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051651544"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162720556"],"apc_list":{"value":3170,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3170},"apc_paid":{"value":3170,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3170},"fwci":0.5457,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68071644,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"159","issue":null,"first_page":"111223","last_page":"111223"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8973275423049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current","display_name":"Current (fluid)","score":0.6239301562309265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34221529960632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.32742801308631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.19096848368644714}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8973275423049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.6239301562309265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34221529960632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32742801308631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.19096848368644714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2025.111223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2025.111223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S900972176","display_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-1976","issn":["0952-1976","1873-6769"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2025.111223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2025.111223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S900972176","display_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-1976","issn":["0952-1976","1873-6769"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2506036198","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"7220360","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","funder_display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9kkr77"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2747272279","https://openalex.org/W2901011787","https://openalex.org/W2954716972","https://openalex.org/W2963741028","https://openalex.org/W2998382059","https://openalex.org/W3005173691","https://openalex.org/W3017001055","https://openalex.org/W3031581898","https://openalex.org/W3044480760","https://openalex.org/W3059621631","https://openalex.org/W3083523931","https://openalex.org/W3133933448","https://openalex.org/W3135278483","https://openalex.org/W3174892017","https://openalex.org/W3193457653","https://openalex.org/W3217174898","https://openalex.org/W4200323665","https://openalex.org/W4205380598","https://openalex.org/W4206594117","https://openalex.org/W4210261976","https://openalex.org/W4212974610","https://openalex.org/W4234123351","https://openalex.org/W4283269374","https://openalex.org/W4285065952","https://openalex.org/W4312130734","https://openalex.org/W4313347002","https://openalex.org/W4322761231","https://openalex.org/W4383645812","https://openalex.org/W4387184260","https://openalex.org/W4389880499","https://openalex.org/W4390357426","https://openalex.org/W4390683327","https://openalex.org/W4392859018","https://openalex.org/W4393181363","https://openalex.org/W4393372742","https://openalex.org/W4394008407","https://openalex.org/W6725303750","https://openalex.org/W6767556158","https://openalex.org/W6776568501","https://openalex.org/W6853872408","https://openalex.org/W6859571002"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,93,124,159,191,225,256],"concept":[1],"of":[2,10,17,58,65,193,206,210,215,223,244,249,254,264,269,274,291,305,361],"a":[3,7,55,87,115,199,208,218,229,241,261,318],"smart":[4],"grid":[5,67,339,355],"encompasses":[6],"wide":[8],"range":[9],"advanced":[11],"technologies":[12],"that":[13],"surpass":[14],"the":[15,30,60,139,164,168,176,182,187,194,237,279,283,294,299,331],"capabilities":[16],"traditional":[18],"power":[19,45,327],"grids,":[20],"enabling":[21,358],"enhanced":[22],"monitoring,":[23],"control":[24],"and":[25,62,85,99,114,122,135,154,178,217,251,271,298,307,314,324,337,353,364,380,389],"efficiency.":[26],"In":[27,69],"this":[28,70,91],"context,":[29],"term":[31],"\u201canomaly\u201d":[32],"denotes":[33],"unusual":[34],"or":[35,49],"unexpected":[36],"occurrences,":[37],"such":[38],"as":[39,79,236],"abnormal":[40],"consumption":[41,363],"patterns,":[42],"infrastructure":[43],"failures,":[44],"outages,":[46],"cyber":[47],"attacks,":[48],"energy":[50,335,348,378],"theft.":[51],"Anomaly":[52],"detection":[53,134,313],"is":[54],"critical":[56],"aspect":[57],"improving":[59],"reliability":[61],"operational":[63,386],"efficiency":[64],"Smart":[66],"systems.":[68],"study,":[71],"we":[72],"focus":[73],"on":[74],"detecting":[75],"high":[76],"current":[77,104],"loads":[78],"anomalies":[80],"in":[81,138,260,326],"low":[82],"voltage":[83],"networks":[84],"present":[86],"system":[88,94,125,342],"designed":[89],"for":[90,110,119,131,321,346],"purpose.":[92],"architecture":[95],"includes":[96],"distribution":[97,328],"transformers":[98],"customer":[100],"meters":[101],"equipped":[102],"with":[103,186,233,286,330,377],"sensors,":[105],"radio":[106],"frequency":[107],"(RF)":[108],"modems":[109],"wireless":[111],"data":[112,120],"transmission,":[113],"central":[116],"management":[117],"server":[118],"analysis":[121],"storage.":[123],"employs":[126],"machine":[127],"learning":[128],"(ML)":[129],"algorithms":[130],"real-time":[132,368],"anomaly":[133,312],"localization.":[136],"Therefore,":[137],"feature":[140],"extraction":[141],"phase,":[142],"three":[143],"distinct":[144],"methods":[145,180],"are":[146],"utilized:":[147],"Pattern":[148,160,195,295],"Analysis,":[149],"Discrete":[150],"Wavelet":[151],"Transform":[152,157],"(DWT),":[153],"Fast":[155],"Walsh\u2013Hadamard":[156],"(FHWT).":[158],"Analysis":[161,196,296],"method":[162,197,258,281,297,301],"achieved":[163,240],"best":[165],"performance":[166],"using":[167],"Matern":[169],"Gaussian":[170],"Process":[171],"Regression":[172],"(MGPR)":[173],"approach,":[174],"whereas":[175],"DWT":[177,226,280],"FHWT":[179,257,300],"yielded":[181],"most":[183],"accurate":[184],"results":[185,192],"Optimizable":[188],"Boosting":[189],"Method.":[190],"indicate":[198],"test":[200,242,262],"root":[201],"mean":[202,219],"square":[203],"error":[204,221,289,303],"(RMSE)":[205],"69.36,":[207],"coefficient":[209],"determination":[211],"(R":[212],"2":[213,248,268],")":[214],"0.97,":[216],"absolute":[220],"(MAE)":[222],"45.40.":[224],"method,":[227],"employing":[228],"five-level":[230],"wavelet":[231],"transform":[232],"Daubechies":[234],"18":[235],"main":[238],"wavelet,":[239],"RMSE":[243,263],"53.44,":[245],"an":[246,252,266,272,287],"R":[247,267],"0.98,":[250],"MAE":[253,273],"37.25.":[255],"resulted":[259],"83.99,":[265],"0.95,":[270],"53.71.":[275],"Among":[276],"these":[277],"methods,":[278],"demonstrated":[282],"highest":[284],"accuracy,":[285],"average":[288],"rate":[290],"3.02%,":[292],"while":[293],"exhibited":[302],"rates":[304],"4.09%":[306],"4.86%,":[308],"respectively.":[309],"This":[310,341],"innovative":[311],"localization":[315],"approach":[316],"provides":[317],"robust":[319],"foundation":[320],"future":[322],"research":[323],"development":[325],"networks,":[329],"potential":[332],"to":[333,373,385],"reduce":[334],"losses":[336],"improve":[338],"stability.":[340],"holds":[343],"significant":[344],"promise":[345],"reducing":[347],"losses,":[349],"preventing":[350],"equipment":[351],"damage,":[352],"enhancing":[354],"stability":[356],"by":[357],"rapid":[359],"identification":[360],"unauthorized":[362],"fault":[365],"conditions.":[366],"Its":[367],"monitoring":[369],"capability":[370],"empowers":[371],"utilities":[372],"mitigate":[374],"risks":[375],"associated":[376],"theft":[379],"transient":[381],"overloads,":[382],"directly":[383],"contributing":[384],"cost":[387],"savings":[388],"improved":[390],"service":[391],"reliability.":[392]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}