{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403646731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2024.109409","title":"Enhancing interpretability and generalizability in extended isolation forests","display_name":"Enhancing interpretability and generalizability in extended isolation forests","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403646731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2024.109409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2024.109409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2024.109409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S900972176","display_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-1976","issn":["0952-1976","1873-6769"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2024.109409","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085997023","display_name":"Alessio Arcudi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9848-5334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alessio Arcudi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Padova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9848-5334","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Padova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093047718","display_name":"Davide Frizzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8232-0536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Frizzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Padova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8232-0536","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Padova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019668140","display_name":"Chiara Masiero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1948-049X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163794","display_name":"Data Management (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/017j5za44","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163794"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiara Masiero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Statwolf Data Science Srl, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1948-049X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Statwolf Data Science Srl, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163794"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026617079","display_name":"Gian Antonio Susto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5739-9639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gian Antonio Susto","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Padova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5739-9639","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Padova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085997023"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"apc_list":{"value":3270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3270},"apc_paid":{"value":3270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3270},"fwci":3.001,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92127597,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"138","issue":null,"first_page":"109409","last_page":"109409"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.972000002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.972000002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9531000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9081000089645386,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.9475328922271729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.9115185141563416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8752059936523438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isolation","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","score":0.63619065284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4686797261238098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4145590364933014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.37648433446884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.335965633392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioinformatics","display_name":"Bioinformatics","score":0.11679744720458984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10354295372962952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06207585334777832}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.9475328922271729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.9115185141563416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8752059936523438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.63619065284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4686797261238098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4145590364933014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37648433446884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.335965633392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.11679744720458984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10354295372962952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06207585334777832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2024.109409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2024.109409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S900972176","display_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-1976","issn":["0952-1976","1873-6769"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/3531184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11577/3531184","pdf_url":"https://www.research.unipd.it/bitstream/11577/3531184/2/1-s2.0-S0952197624015677-main.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402547","display_name":"Padua Research Archive (University of Padova)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2024.109409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2024.109409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S900972176","display_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0952-1976","issn":["0952-1976","1873-6769"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1374306608","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECS00000043","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1585674959","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1551.11-10-2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3020015984","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101112089","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3023849138","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"23/06/ 2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3259708813","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1058 23/06/202 2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G482427013","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE_00000004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6247340619","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Manufacturing leading to Sustainability and Industry5.0","funder_award_id":"101112089","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F5497039910","display_name":"Ministero dell'Istruzione e del Merito","ror":"https://ror.org/01ehyh486"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2049058890","https://openalex.org/W2069870183","https://openalex.org/W2086668606","https://openalex.org/W2102636708","https://openalex.org/W2156665896","https://openalex.org/W2296719434","https://openalex.org/W2594475271","https://openalex.org/W2612690371","https://openalex.org/W2793922568","https://openalex.org/W2896266079","https://openalex.org/W2899638272","https://openalex.org/W2919054368","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W3042060276","https://openalex.org/W3089028909","https://openalex.org/W3090789868","https://openalex.org/W3092848502","https://openalex.org/W3093718041","https://openalex.org/W3094910079","https://openalex.org/W3104917574","https://openalex.org/W3110939572","https://openalex.org/W3116286104","https://openalex.org/W3129166376","https://openalex.org/W3138613066","https://openalex.org/W3149997940","https://openalex.org/W3156618009","https://openalex.org/W3173360689","https://openalex.org/W3173826379","https://openalex.org/W3178763691","https://openalex.org/W3201412947","https://openalex.org/W3206382155","https://openalex.org/W4226060502","https://openalex.org/W4295313945","https://openalex.org/W4302089114","https://openalex.org/W4307525381","https://openalex.org/W4324032736","https://openalex.org/W4367016885","https://openalex.org/W4367701135","https://openalex.org/W4376121550","https://openalex.org/W4384407578","https://openalex.org/W4387448459","https://openalex.org/W4390732477","https://openalex.org/W4392338537","https://openalex.org/W4392387551","https://openalex.org/W4396909850","https://openalex.org/W4402843978","https://openalex.org/W6666477779","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6759028731","https://openalex.org/W6771132860","https://openalex.org/W6783810041","https://openalex.org/W6784145239","https://openalex.org/W6852022710","https://openalex.org/W6866682810"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W2963326959","https://openalex.org/W4378220270","https://openalex.org/W1986582023","https://openalex.org/W2966829450"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Anomaly":[0],"Detection":[1],"(AD)":[2],"focuses":[3],"on":[4,276],"identifying":[5,225],"unusual":[6],"patterns":[7],"in":[8,31,35,169,216,228,264,290],"complex":[9],"datasets":[10,158,222],"and":[11,16,40,56,110,155,223,240,250,273,278,288],"systems.":[12],"While":[13],"Machine":[14],"Learning":[15],"Decision":[17],"Support":[18],"Systems":[19],"(DSS)":[20],"are":[21,42],"effective":[22,209],"for":[23,248,300],"this,":[24,73],"simply":[25],"detecting":[26],"anomalies":[27,138],"often":[28],"falls":[29],"short":[30],"real-world":[32,157,221,279],"scenarios,":[33,171],"especially":[34],"engineering":[36],"contexts":[37],"where":[38],"diagnostics":[39],"maintenance":[41],"essential.":[43],"Users":[44],"need":[45],"clear":[46],"explanations":[47,112],"behind":[48],"anomaly":[49,265,302],"predictions":[50,89],"to":[51,97,134,236,285],"understand":[52],"the":[53,58,66,76,88,91,141,160,177,192],"root":[54],"causes":[55],"trust":[57],"model.":[59],"The":[60],"unsupervised":[61,149,212,301],"nature":[62],"of":[63,68,90,131,144,194,219,271],"AD":[64,150],"complicates":[65],"development":[67],"interpretable":[69],"tools.":[70],"To":[71,175],"address":[72],"we":[74,118,179,232],"propose":[75,180],"Extended":[77,92,121,251],"Isolation":[78,93,99,122,252],"Forest":[79,94,100,123],"Feature":[80,195],"Importance":[81],"(ExIFFI),":[82],"a":[83,181,203,295],"new":[84,182],"approach":[85],"that":[86,102],"explains":[87],"(EIF),":[95],"applicable":[96],"all":[98,170],"models":[101],"split":[103],"using":[104,159],"hyperplanes.":[105,145],"ExIFFI":[106,206,272],"provides":[107],"both":[108],"global":[109],"local":[111],"by":[113,139],"analyzing":[114],"feature":[115,200,297],"importance.":[116],"Additionally,":[117],"introduce":[119],"Enhanced":[120],"(":[124],"EIF":[125,164,168,256,274],"+":[126,165,257,275],"),":[127],"an":[128,245,259],"improved":[129],"version":[130],"EIF,":[132],"designed":[133],"better":[135],"detect":[136],"unseen":[137],"modifying":[140],"splitting":[142],"strategy":[143],"We":[146],"compare":[147],"various":[148],"methods":[151],"across":[152],"five":[153],"synthetic":[154,229,277],"eleven":[156],"Average":[161],"Precision":[162],"metric.":[163],"consistently":[166],"outperforms":[167],"demonstrating":[172],"superior":[173,269],"generalization.":[174],"validate":[176],"interpretability,":[178],"metric":[183,299],"\u2014":[184,197],"A":[185],"U":[186],"C":[187],"F":[188],"S":[189],"(Area":[190],"Under":[191],"Curve":[193],"Selection)":[196],"which":[198],"uses":[199],"selection":[201],"as":[202],"performance":[204,270],"indicator.":[205],"proves":[207],"more":[208],"than":[210],"other":[211],"interpretation":[213],"methods,":[214],"excelling":[215],"8":[217],"out":[218],"11":[220],"correctly":[224],"anomalous":[226],"features":[227],"datasets.":[230],"Finally,":[231],"provide":[233],"open-source":[234,283],"code":[235,284],"encourage":[237],"further":[238],"research":[239,287],"reproducibility.":[241],"\u2022":[242,254,267,281,293],"Introduced":[243],"ExIFFI,":[244],"interpretability":[246],"tool":[247],"standard":[249],"Forests.":[253],"Developed":[255],",":[258],"advanced":[260],"model":[261],"enhancing":[262],"generalization":[263],"detection.":[266],"Demonstrated":[268],"data.":[280],"Contributed":[282],"support":[286],"reproducibility":[289],"machine":[291],"learning.":[292],"Applied":[294],"novel":[296],"importance":[298],"detection":[303],"interpretability.":[304]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
