{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127580407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103631","title":"A Monte Carlo-augmented geographical random forest approach for spatial biodiversity modeling: managing bird communities in small urban wetlands","display_name":"A Monte Carlo-augmented geographical random forest approach for spatial biodiversity modeling: managing bird communities in small urban wetlands","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127580407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103631"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103631","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124167153","display_name":"Weifeng Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weifeng Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082345693","display_name":"Yifan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4098-998X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110494479","display_name":"Y. Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanzhi Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125029547","display_name":"Shaohua Lei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaohua Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5124167153"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2510,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2510},"apc_paid":{"value":2510,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2510},"fwci":39.6319,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98966001,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"94","issue":null,"first_page":"103631","last_page":"103631"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10005","display_name":"Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies","score":0.2451000064611435,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10005","display_name":"Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies","score":0.2451000064611435,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13438","display_name":"Environmental Conservation and Management","score":0.10480000078678131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12644","display_name":"Wildlife-Road Interactions and Conservation","score":0.08569999784231186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wetland","display_name":"Wetland","score":0.6653000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biodiversity","display_name":"Biodiversity","score":0.6341000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.42170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-ecology","display_name":"Spatial ecology","score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distance-sampling","display_name":"Distance sampling","score":0.31450000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.3025999963283539}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67715294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321","display_name":"Wetland","level":2,"score":0.6653000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130217890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041","display_name":"Biodiversity","level":2,"score":0.6341000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.617900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.45339998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.42170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.420199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781050692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282869","display_name":"Distance sampling","level":3,"score":0.31450000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.3131999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780267512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6997828","display_name":"Nestedness","level":3,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994246104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641498","display_name":"Biodiversity conservation","level":3,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9f97e8cf27a941599f664123c75c1545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9f97e8cf27a941599f664123c75c1545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics, Vol 94, Iss , Pp 103631- (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G249003442","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023JJ30238","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4813377169","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Y924001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335665","funder_display_name":"Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5125187705","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFC3208903","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321540","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8286757728","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFC3209001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321540","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/027s68j25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335665","display_name":"Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02403qw73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972510401","https://openalex.org/W1988224033","https://openalex.org/W2008521034","https://openalex.org/W2026106450","https://openalex.org/W2057730136","https://openalex.org/W2094605934","https://openalex.org/W2111963610","https://openalex.org/W2140329872","https://openalex.org/W2155261478","https://openalex.org/W2274224860","https://openalex.org/W2534410461","https://openalex.org/W2554983120","https://openalex.org/W2606684697","https://openalex.org/W2771584858","https://openalex.org/W2776113565","https://openalex.org/W2792802470","https://openalex.org/W2793997912","https://openalex.org/W2796019388","https://openalex.org/W2901588879","https://openalex.org/W2904031581","https://openalex.org/W2930389570","https://openalex.org/W2930977598","https://openalex.org/W2956136075","https://openalex.org/W2995285365","https://openalex.org/W2999409731","https://openalex.org/W3024832537","https://openalex.org/W3104700357","https://openalex.org/W3139267256","https://openalex.org/W3179975021","https://openalex.org/W3183777795","https://openalex.org/W3191447398","https://openalex.org/W3205975930","https://openalex.org/W4200085197","https://openalex.org/W4223605080","https://openalex.org/W4289261272","https://openalex.org/W4289516124","https://openalex.org/W4291136964","https://openalex.org/W4306194462","https://openalex.org/W4308266152","https://openalex.org/W4310858867","https://openalex.org/W4313649298","https://openalex.org/W4319871395","https://openalex.org/W4321332220","https://openalex.org/W4327909731","https://openalex.org/W4385408185","https://openalex.org/W4388533404","https://openalex.org/W4389262472","https://openalex.org/W4391043145","https://openalex.org/W4391597216","https://openalex.org/W4392868023","https://openalex.org/W4392936201","https://openalex.org/W4394590181","https://openalex.org/W4394743488","https://openalex.org/W4398784508","https://openalex.org/W4400030769","https://openalex.org/W4402782530","https://openalex.org/W4404966212","https://openalex.org/W7077048736"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Small":[0],"urban":[1,188,203,251,290],"wetlands":[2,39,199,257],"face":[3],"intensifying":[4],"pressures":[5],"from":[6,87,241],"rapid":[7],"urbanization,":[8],"yet":[9],"their":[10],"biodiversity":[11,286],"patterns":[12],"remain":[13],"underexplored":[14],"due":[15],"to":[16,32,93,105,159,168],"data":[17],"scarcity":[18],"and":[19,63,124,182,232,268],"spatial":[20,64],"complexity.":[21],"We":[22],"established":[23],"a":[24,151,282],"Monte":[25,68,114],"Carlo-augmented":[26],"geographical":[27],"random":[28,112],"forest":[29],"(GRF)":[30],"framework":[31,280],"model":[33,78],"avian":[34],"diversity":[35,156],"across":[36],"45":[37],"small":[38],"in":[40,154,175,196,202,211,217,224,288],"Hefei,":[41],"China,":[42],"documenting":[43],"102":[44],"bird":[45],"species":[46,102],"(31":[47],"waterbirds,":[48,260],"71":[49],"terrestrial)":[50],"along":[51],"urban-suburban":[52],"gradients.":[53],"This":[54,278],"methodology":[55],"addresses":[56],"concurrent":[57],"challenges":[58],"of":[59,140,177,198,213,255],"limited":[60],"sample":[61],"sizes":[62,139],"heterogeneity":[65],"by":[66],"integrating":[67],"Carlo":[69,115],"simulation":[70],"with":[71,171],"spatially":[72],"explicit":[73],"machine":[74],"learning.":[75],"The":[76],"GRF":[77],"demonstrated":[79],"superior":[80],"performance":[81],"over":[82],"conventional":[83],"approaches,":[84],"reducing":[85],"RMSE":[86],"15.234":[88],"(ordinary":[89],"least":[90],"squares,":[91],"OLS)":[92],"2.863":[94],"while":[95,145,292],"achieving":[96],"R2":[97,106],"=":[98,107],"0.854":[99],"for":[100,109,121,126,179,250,259,265,285,296],"waterbird":[101,122,155,194,226],"richness":[103,123,135,181,195],"compared":[104],"0.765":[108],"the":[110],"standard":[111],"forest.":[113],"simulations":[116],"stabilized":[117],"after":[118],"100":[119],"iterations":[120],"150":[125],"density":[127],"metrics.":[128],"Critical":[129],"ecological":[130],"thresholds":[131],"were":[132,222],"identified:":[133],"Waterbird":[134],"peaked":[136],"at":[137],"wetland":[138,169,252,297],"2":[141],"ha":[142],"then":[143],"declined,":[144],"construction":[146,269],"intensity":[147,270],"exceeding":[148],"40%":[149],"caused":[150],"75%":[152],"reduction":[153],"(from":[157],"\u223c80":[158],"\u223c20":[160],"species).":[161],"Terrestrial":[162],"birds":[163,210],"exhibited":[164],"consistent":[165],"positive":[166],"responses":[167],"area,":[170],"this":[172],"factor":[173],"dominating":[174],"86.67%":[176],"sites":[178,214,235],"both":[180],"density.":[183],"Spatial":[184],"analysis":[185],"revealed":[186],"distinct":[187],"gradient":[189],"patterns\u2014The":[190],"urbanization":[191],"index":[192],"influenced":[193],"35.56%":[197],"primarily":[200],"located":[201],"cores,":[204],"whereas":[205],"vegetation":[206],"cover":[207],"affected":[208],"terrestrial":[209,234,266],"28.89%":[212],"mainly":[215],"situated":[216],"peripheral":[218],"areas.":[219],"Factor":[220],"synergies":[221],"strongest":[223],"low-quality":[225],"habitats":[227],"(+80.2%":[228],"above":[229],"expected":[230],"richness)":[231],"high-quality":[233],"(+30.4%),":[236],"indicating":[237],"disproportionate":[238],"conservation":[239,298],"benefits":[240],"coordinated":[242],"management":[243],"strategies.":[244],"These":[245],"findings":[246],"provide":[247],"quantitative":[248],"guidelines":[249],"design:":[253],"Networks":[254],"1.5\u20133-ha":[256],"optimized":[258],"larger":[261],"refugia":[262],"(>5":[263],"ha)":[264],"species,":[267],"limits":[271],"below":[272],"30%":[273],"within":[274],"500":[275],"m":[276],"buffers.":[277],"methodological":[279],"offers":[281],"transferable":[283],"approach":[284],"modeling":[287],"data-limited":[289],"systems":[291],"establishing":[293],"actionable":[294],"targets":[295],"planning.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2026-02-06T00:00:00"}