{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411139641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103227","title":"Testing life-cycle assessment data quality with Benford\u2019s law reveals geographic variation","display_name":"Testing life-cycle assessment data quality with Benford\u2019s law reveals geographic variation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411139641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103227"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103227","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103227","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116071738","display_name":"Bogdan \u0160inik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8523-630X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118905719","display_name":"University of Primorska","ror":"https://ror.org/05xefg082","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118905719"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bogdan \u0160inik","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Primorska, Glagolja\u0161ka 8, Koper, 6000, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8523-630X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Primorska, Glagolja\u0161ka 8, Koper, 6000, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118905719"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054186603","display_name":"Aleksandar To\u0161i\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5627-4420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118905719","display_name":"University of Primorska","ror":"https://ror.org/05xefg082","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118905719"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandar To\u0161i\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6a, Izola, 6310, Slovenia","University of Primorska, Glagolja\u0161ka 8, Koper, 6000, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5627-4420","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6a, Izola, 6310, Slovenia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Primorska, Glagolja\u0161ka 8, Koper, 6000, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118905719"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054186603","https://openalex.org/A5116071738"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118905719"],"apc_list":{"value":2510,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2510},"apc_paid":{"value":2510,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2510},"fwci":2.3273,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87585301,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"90","issue":null,"first_page":"103227","last_page":"103227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13720","display_name":"Benford\u2019s Law and Fraud Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13720","display_name":"Benford\u2019s Law and Fraud Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benfords-law","display_name":"Benford's law","score":0.9134873151779175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","score":0.6288061738014221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3239040970802307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.31325316429138184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16140219569206238}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152636012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817168","display_name":"Benford's law","level":2,"score":0.9134873151779175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.6288061738014221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3239040970802307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.31325316429138184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16140219569206238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103227","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repozitorij.upr.si:IzpisGradiva.php?id=21351","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repozitorij.upr.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=21351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196486","display_name":"Repository of the University of Primorsk (University of Primorska)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118905719","host_organization_name":"University of Primorska","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118905719"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1878-0512","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:36beb3e75de54b0bb4bb312e97407af0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/36beb3e75de54b0bb4bb312e97407af0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics, Vol 90, Iss , Pp 103227- (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103227","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3442217559","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IO-0035","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8886470378","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101181021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","ror":"https://ror.org/059bp8k51"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W945985403","https://openalex.org/W1266978803","https://openalex.org/W1597733180","https://openalex.org/W1968040718","https://openalex.org/W1981115182","https://openalex.org/W1999053423","https://openalex.org/W2005216448","https://openalex.org/W2009569612","https://openalex.org/W2010970671","https://openalex.org/W2023230188","https://openalex.org/W2029130311","https://openalex.org/W2044926540","https://openalex.org/W2053872675","https://openalex.org/W2076381757","https://openalex.org/W2092801713","https://openalex.org/W2107922979","https://openalex.org/W2121576246","https://openalex.org/W2174672406","https://openalex.org/W2297831219","https://openalex.org/W2327767063","https://openalex.org/W2339395886","https://openalex.org/W2957648619","https://openalex.org/W2990071723","https://openalex.org/W3100331620","https://openalex.org/W3115028575","https://openalex.org/W3127757286","https://openalex.org/W3153388452","https://openalex.org/W3153676211","https://openalex.org/W3184281069","https://openalex.org/W4234690093","https://openalex.org/W4237301400","https://openalex.org/W4286586537","https://openalex.org/W4300706424","https://openalex.org/W4311256106","https://openalex.org/W4320535461","https://openalex.org/W4322154520","https://openalex.org/W4378070762","https://openalex.org/W4380366853","https://openalex.org/W4384925351","https://openalex.org/W4392202054","https://openalex.org/W4392351595","https://openalex.org/W4394595153","https://openalex.org/W4398160438","https://openalex.org/W4399550963","https://openalex.org/W4400614647","https://openalex.org/W4402664236","https://openalex.org/W4404123898","https://openalex.org/W4404850559","https://openalex.org/W4406509176","https://openalex.org/W4406660891","https://openalex.org/W4406787822","https://openalex.org/W4406902417","https://openalex.org/W4411392672","https://openalex.org/W6608809540","https://openalex.org/W6695947631","https://openalex.org/W6752314786","https://openalex.org/W6849943985","https://openalex.org/W6852629167","https://openalex.org/W6876983398"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2734415684","https://openalex.org/W1980147927","https://openalex.org/W3186068795","https://openalex.org/W2165048824","https://openalex.org/W3124667545","https://openalex.org/W2254161145","https://openalex.org/W3208799667"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Life-Cycle":[0],"Assessment":[1],"(LCA)":[2],"is":[3,7,24],"a":[4,165,232,305,319],"methodology":[5],"that":[6,182],"used":[8],"extensively":[9],"for":[10],"evaluating":[11],"the":[12,28,33,37,99,131,137,157,205,254,261,297,323],"environmental":[13,77,268,324],"impacts":[14],"of":[15,32,101,130,136,207,256,263,280,299,307,313],"products":[16],"and":[17,30,73,76,85,88,104,117,121,154,164,173,193,234,259],"processes":[18,120],"throughout":[19],"their":[20],"lifetime.":[21],"The":[22,133,179,311],"method":[23],"highly":[25],"dependent":[26],"on":[27,60,67,145,294],"quality":[29,241],"accuracy":[31],"underlying":[34],"data.":[35],"Moreover,":[36],"data":[38,63,97,191,213,240,273,282,293,308],"acquisition":[39],"process":[40],"can":[41,252],"be":[42,304],"subjective,":[43],"raising":[44],"concerns":[45],"about":[46],"potential":[47,128],"inconsistencies.":[48],"In":[49,211],"this":[50],"study,":[51],"we":[52],"perform":[53],"Benford\u2019s":[54,102,229,276,288],"law":[55,103],"conformity":[56,112,171,185],"tests":[57],"(first":[58],"digit)":[59],"all":[61],"numerical":[62],"in":[64,111,184,190],"ecoinvent,":[65],"focusing":[66],"individual":[68],"compartments":[69,295],"(air,":[70],"water,":[71],"soil,":[72],"natural":[74],"resources)":[75],"elementary":[78],"flows":[79],"(carbon,":[80],"toxic":[81],"substances,":[82],"greenhouse":[83],"gases,":[84],"heavy":[86],"metals),":[87],"discrepancies":[89,183],"across":[90,186],"continents":[91,187],"are":[92],"examined.":[93],"Life":[94],"Cycle":[95],"Inventory":[96],"met":[98],"requirements":[100],"generally":[105,198],"exhibited":[106],"high":[107,320],"conformity.":[108,228],"Substantial":[109],"differences":[110,189],"were":[113,123],"observed":[114],"between":[115,168],"Africa":[116],"Europe.":[118],"Individual":[119],"measurements":[122],"inspected":[124],"to":[125,204,225,238,275,287],"further":[126],"isolate":[127],"sources":[129],"non-conformity.":[132],"statistical":[134],"significance":[135],"results":[138,172],"was":[139,162,177],"increased":[140],"using":[141],"open-source":[142],"databases":[143],"available":[144],"OpenLCA":[146],"Nexus,":[147],"including":[148],"WorldSteel,":[149],"OzLCI2019,":[150],"ELCD,":[151],"NEEDS,":[152],"BioenergieDat,":[153],"Exiobase.":[155],"Finally,":[156],"Environmental":[158],"Performance":[159],"Index":[160],"(EPI)":[161],"used,":[163],"strong":[166],"correlation":[167,321],"continental":[169],"Benford":[170],"corresponding":[174],"EPI":[175],"scores":[176],"observed.":[178],"findings":[180],"suggest":[181],"reflect":[188],"transparency":[192],"reporting":[194],"practices.":[195],"European":[196],"datasets":[197],"show":[199,226],"higher":[200],"conformity,":[201],"likely":[202],"owing":[203],"use":[206],"more":[208],"standardized":[209],"methodologies.":[210],"contrast,":[212],"from":[214],"regions":[215],"with":[216,322],"limited":[217],"infrastructure":[218],"or":[219,247],"less":[220],"established":[221],"LCA":[222],"practices":[223],"tend":[224],"lower":[227],"Law":[230],"offers":[231],"simple":[233],"computationally":[235],"efficient":[236],"alternative":[237],"conventional":[239],"assessments":[242],"without":[243],"requiring":[244],"additional":[245],"metadata":[246],"probabilistic":[248],"modeling.":[249],"Its":[250],"application":[251],"support":[253],"detection":[255],"systemic":[257],"biases":[258],"improve":[260],"reliability":[262],"LCA-based":[264],"indicators":[265],"such":[266],"as":[267],"product":[269],"declarations.":[270],"\u2022":[271,278,290,310],"LCI":[272,281],"conform":[274,286],"law.":[277,289],"Subsets":[279],"by":[283],"continent":[284,292],"strongly":[285],"Subsetting":[291],"highlights":[296],"exhibits":[298,318],"some":[300],"non-conformity,":[301],"which":[302],"may":[303],"sign":[306],"manipulation.":[309],"number":[312],"conforming":[314],"columns":[315],"per":[316],"continent/compartment":[317],"index.":[325]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
