{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7113901578","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2025.109325","title":"Explainable artificial intelligence in electrocardiography: A systematic review","display_name":"Explainable artificial intelligence in electrocardiography: A systematic review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7113901578","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2025.109325","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41953749"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2025.109325","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2025.109325","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13056371/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Amirsajjad Taleban","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1010-3808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amirsajjad Taleban","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Informatics Program, Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Informatics Program, Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rodney Sparapani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204308271","display_name":"Medical College of Wisconsin","ror":"https://ror.org/00qqv6244","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodney Sparapani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Biostatistics, Data Science Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biostatistics, Data Science Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Patrick Noffke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102461120","display_name":"Marquette University","ror":"https://ror.org/04gr4te78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102461120"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204308271","display_name":"Medical College of Wisconsin","ror":"https://ror.org/00qqv6244","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Noffke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette, University, Milwaukee, WI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette, University, Milwaukee, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102461120","https://openalex.org/I204308271"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sharone Zlochiver","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116718","display_name":"Baxter (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/020js1x50","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116718"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharone Zlochiver","raw_affiliation_strings":["Diagnostic Cardiology, Baxter International Inc., Greater Milwaukee, WI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diagnostic Cardiology, Baxter International Inc., Greater Milwaukee, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qiang Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204553293","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/041qf4r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204553293"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Petroleum Data Mining, China University of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Petroleum Data Mining, China University of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204553293"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Michael E. Widlansky","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204308271","display_name":"Medical College of Wisconsin","ror":"https://ror.org/00qqv6244","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael E. Widlansky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204308271"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jake Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jake Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Informatics Program, Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Informatics Program, Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"],"apc_list":{"value":2420,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2420},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65481002,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"114","issue":null,"first_page":"109325","last_page":"109325"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.8989999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.8989999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10217","display_name":"Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias","score":0.04879999905824661,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.018699999898672104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5440999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5394999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.47290000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noisy-data","display_name":"Noisy data","score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-model","display_name":"Computational model","score":0.32820001244544983}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7092999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7075999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5440999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5411999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5394999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.47290000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781170535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30587856","display_name":"Noisy data","level":2,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779965156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227350","display_name":"Data sharing","level":3,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2025.109325","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2025.109325","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8427965","display_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","issn_l":"1746-8094","issn":["1746-8094","1746-8108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41953749","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41953749","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical signal processing and control","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13056371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13056371/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Biomed Signal Process Control","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13056371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13056371/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Biomed Signal Process Control","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F2607199960","display_name":"Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin Endowment","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1892542784","https://openalex.org/W2078134459","https://openalex.org/W2768866949","https://openalex.org/W2791450091","https://openalex.org/W2806806521","https://openalex.org/W2915292867","https://openalex.org/W2962790223","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W2996959172","https://openalex.org/W3015226328","https://openalex.org/W3022945091","https://openalex.org/W3084949122","https://openalex.org/W3116277980","https://openalex.org/W3118714519","https://openalex.org/W3119117976","https://openalex.org/W3130720467","https://openalex.org/W3138179994","https://openalex.org/W3142998727","https://openalex.org/W3148150216","https://openalex.org/W3153087068","https://openalex.org/W3154853263","https://openalex.org/W3160994088","https://openalex.org/W3163645474","https://openalex.org/W3175649752","https://openalex.org/W3177199047","https://openalex.org/W3186197713","https://openalex.org/W3201153148","https://openalex.org/W3217560493","https://openalex.org/W4225710992","https://openalex.org/W4242739995","https://openalex.org/W4281775820","https://openalex.org/W4313648826","https://openalex.org/W4321106172","https://openalex.org/W4324032736","https://openalex.org/W4360602936","https://openalex.org/W4360612876","https://openalex.org/W4366176908","https://openalex.org/W4366504101","https://openalex.org/W4383677297","https://openalex.org/W4386580330","https://openalex.org/W4387138444","https://openalex.org/W4390331684","https://openalex.org/W4392779950","https://openalex.org/W4393405337","https://openalex.org/W4393863178","https://openalex.org/W4396670015","https://openalex.org/W4398171744","https://openalex.org/W4400041274","https://openalex.org/W4402492681","https://openalex.org/W4402963884","https://openalex.org/W4403109451","https://openalex.org/W4403665906","https://openalex.org/W4403837775","https://openalex.org/W4404956495","https://openalex.org/W4405492260","https://openalex.org/W4405500989","https://openalex.org/W4407319547","https://openalex.org/W4407719601","https://openalex.org/W4407823275","https://openalex.org/W4409211638","https://openalex.org/W4409620548"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-12-11T00:00:00"}