{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389160648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100174","title":"Towards a lightweight security framework using blockchain and machine learning","display_name":"Towards a lightweight security framework using blockchain and machine learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389160648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100174"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100174","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029165876","display_name":"Shereen Ismail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8580-1648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24571045","display_name":"University of North Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5szx83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shereen Ismail","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of North Dakota, ND 58202, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8580-1648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of North Dakota, ND 58202, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091825421","display_name":"Muhammad Nouman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5275-0933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Nouman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059506565","display_name":"Diana W. Dawoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4777-2134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132806614","display_name":"University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/05h0z7c09","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diana W. Dawoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4777-2134","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064528963","display_name":"Hassan Reza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7593-9624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24571045","display_name":"University of North Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5szx83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Reza","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of North Dakota, ND 58202, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7593-9624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of North Dakota, ND 58202, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"fwci":11.2151,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98413226,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"100174","last_page":"100174"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8168889284133911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5317268371582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.45306262373924255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4448544383049011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.421988844871521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4105033278465271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4034879207611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3768269121646881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.2927504777908325}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8168889284133911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5317268371582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.45306262373924255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4448544383049011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.421988844871521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4105033278465271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4034879207611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3768269121646881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2927504777908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e2d9ebd4d33d4ad59c65e2536fdb0464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e2d9ebd4d33d4ad59c65e2536fdb0464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications, Vol 5, Iss 1, Pp 100174- (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2023.100174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W768605699","https://openalex.org/W2004147962","https://openalex.org/W2525336835","https://openalex.org/W2730845691","https://openalex.org/W2768348081","https://openalex.org/W2795584588","https://openalex.org/W2915872201","https://openalex.org/W2997414109","https://openalex.org/W3000455992","https://openalex.org/W3005476254","https://openalex.org/W3026150618","https://openalex.org/W3110587988","https://openalex.org/W3129682923","https://openalex.org/W3152249393","https://openalex.org/W3186745123","https://openalex.org/W3190326634","https://openalex.org/W3202030867","https://openalex.org/W3214506038","https://openalex.org/W4206690576","https://openalex.org/W4232777816","https://openalex.org/W4234180224","https://openalex.org/W4249137644","https://openalex.org/W4285106992","https://openalex.org/W4293733616","https://openalex.org/W4296913776","https://openalex.org/W4310055708","https://openalex.org/W4313467127","https://openalex.org/W4316660987","https://openalex.org/W4318620067","https://openalex.org/W4378903134","https://openalex.org/W4385414103","https://openalex.org/W4385489426","https://openalex.org/W6622636854","https://openalex.org/W6681046083","https://openalex.org/W6745609711","https://openalex.org/W6750079726","https://openalex.org/W6750405332","https://openalex.org/W6750485676","https://openalex.org/W6751338193","https://openalex.org/W6760777851","https://openalex.org/W6772481838","https://openalex.org/W6777655902","https://openalex.org/W6780053006","https://openalex.org/W6787222409","https://openalex.org/W6791021577","https://openalex.org/W6793304670","https://openalex.org/W6799928145","https://openalex.org/W6806438559","https://openalex.org/W6839581090","https://openalex.org/W6839817126","https://openalex.org/W6855312289","https://openalex.org/W6855491983"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2394466068","https://openalex.org/W1987683558","https://openalex.org/W2726838704","https://openalex.org/W4220802396","https://openalex.org/W2393473353","https://openalex.org/W2373790322","https://openalex.org/W1989494794","https://openalex.org/W2122031327","https://openalex.org/W1184238669","https://openalex.org/W3032901101"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyber-attacks":[0],"pose":[1],"a":[2,67,72,92,119,149,214],"significant":[3],"challenge":[4],"to":[5,22,36,56,97,156,169,183],"the":[6,16,99,134,175,189,207],"security":[7,47],"of":[8,10,18,64,191],"Internet":[9],"Things":[11],"(IoT)":[12],"sensor":[13,59,131],"networks,":[14],"necessitating":[15],"development":[17],"robust":[19],"countermeasures":[20],"tailored":[21],"their":[23,185],"unique":[24],"characteristics":[25],"and":[26,30,52,71,86,102,128,137,143,160,173,204,232],"limitations.":[27],"Various":[28],"prevention":[29,69,78],"detection":[31,74,164],"techniques":[32],"have":[33],"been":[34],"proposed":[35],"mitigate":[37,184],"these":[38],"attacks.":[39],"In":[40],"this":[41],"paper,":[42],"we":[43],"propose":[44],"an":[45],"integrated":[46],"framework":[48,62],"using":[49,206,219],"Blockchain":[50],"(BC)":[51],"Machine":[53],"Learning":[54],"(ML)":[55],"protect":[57],"IoT":[58],"networks.":[60],"The":[61,76,162],"consists":[63],"two":[65,81],"modules:":[66],"BC":[68,77,176],"module":[70,79,165],"ML":[73,163,194],"module.":[75],"has":[80],"lightweight":[82,93,120],"mechanisms:":[83],"identity":[84],"management":[85,90,117],"trust":[87,116,127],"management.":[88],"Identity":[89],"employs":[91],"Smart":[94],"Contract":[95],"(SC)":[96],"manage":[98],"node":[100,140],"registration":[101],"authentication,":[103],"ensuring":[104],"that":[105,122],"unauthorized":[106],"entities":[107],"are":[108,146],"prohibited":[109],"from":[110],"engaging":[111],"in":[112],"any":[113],"tasks,":[114],"while":[115],"uses":[118],"SC":[121],"is":[123,211],"responsible":[124],"for":[125],"maintaining":[126],"credibility":[129],"between":[130],"nodes":[132,172],"throughout":[133],"network's":[135],"lifetime":[136],"tracking":[138],"historical":[139],"behaviors.":[141],"Consensus":[142],"transaction":[144],"validation":[145],"achieved":[147],"through":[148],"Verifiable":[150],"Byzantine":[151],"Fault":[152],"Tolerance":[153],"(VBFT)":[154],"mechanism":[155],"ensure":[157],"network":[158,177],"reliability":[159],"integrity.":[161],"utilizes":[166],"LightGBM":[167,210],"algorithm":[168],"classify":[170],"malicious":[171],"notify":[174],"if":[178],"it":[179],"must":[180],"make":[181],"decisions":[182],"impacts.":[186],"We":[187],"investigate":[188],"performance":[190],"several":[192],"off-the-shelf":[193],"algorithms,":[195],"including":[196],"Logistic":[197],"Regression,":[198],"Complement":[199],"Naive":[200],"Bayes,":[201],"Nearest":[202],"Centroid,":[203],"Stacking,":[205],"WSN-DS":[208],"dataset.":[209],"selected":[212],"following":[213],"detailed":[215],"comparative":[216],"analysis":[217],"conducted":[218],"accuracy,":[220],"precision,":[221],"recall,":[222],"F1-score,":[223],"processing":[224],"time,":[225,227,229],"training":[226],"prediction":[228],"computational":[230],"complexity,":[231],"Matthews":[233],"Correlation":[234],"Coefficient":[235],"(MCC)":[236],"evaluation":[237],"metrics.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}