{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416561620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiopen.2025.11.001","title":"From tools to partners: How large language models are transforming urban planning","display_name":"From tools to partners: How large language models are transforming urban planning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416561620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiopen.2025.11.001"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.aiopen.2025.11.001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiopen.2025.11.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194376","display_name":"AI Open","issn_l":"2666-6510","issn":["2666-6510"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiopen.2025.11.001","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070761723","display_name":"Fang Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2113-8319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangyong Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Design and Innovation, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Design and Innovation, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048182427","display_name":"Xiaolin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9969-5297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory of Data Science, College of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9969-5297","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Data Science, College of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108774083","display_name":"Y. J. Bi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxi Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Design and Innovation, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Design and Innovation, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102001778","display_name":"Yunfan Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7932-2752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunfan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7932-2752","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101499821","display_name":"Ye Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7499-7335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136431","display_name":"Shanghai Tongji Urban Planning and Design Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03gb38m78","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136431"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780","https://openalex.org/I4210136431"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039059501","display_name":"Haofen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3018-3824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haofen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Design and Innovation, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3018-3824","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Design and Innovation, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039059501"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"apc_paid":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"fwci":3.692,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94107357,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"276","last_page":"298"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.1412999927997589,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.1412999927997589,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11479","display_name":"Smart Cities and Technologies","score":0.12849999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.06360000371932983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-planning","display_name":"Urban planning","score":0.6306999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.6208999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/participatory-planning","display_name":"Participatory planning","score":0.5200999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stakeholder","display_name":"Stakeholder","score":0.49390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.47749999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plan","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","score":0.4747999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.47119998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use-planning","display_name":"Land-use planning","score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.391400009393692}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.6306999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.6208999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.589900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780915742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140457","display_name":"Participatory planning","level":2,"score":0.5200999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201305675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852998","display_name":"Stakeholder","level":2,"score":0.49390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.47749999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4747999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.47119998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184603391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60738778","display_name":"Land-use planning","level":3,"score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.4016999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.39590001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.391400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205300905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63100","display_name":"Urban design","level":3,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.38830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39118121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034047","display_name":"Transportation planning","level":2,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71750763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q646164","display_name":"General partnership","level":2,"score":0.3199000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202033279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931373","display_name":"Scenario planning","level":2,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1631582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689022","display_name":"Regional planning","level":3,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33741171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140441","display_name":"Participatory GIS","level":3,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780210234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422638","display_name":"Action plan","level":2,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203663800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848979","display_name":"Citizen journalism","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4438859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186117","display_name":"Timeline","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.aiopen.2025.11.001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiopen.2025.11.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194376","display_name":"AI Open","issn_l":"2666-6510","issn":["2666-6510"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:52a8add830764bae977f855202ffa14b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/52a8add830764bae977f855202ffa14b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"AI Open, Vol 6, Iss , Pp 276-298 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.aiopen.2025.11.001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiopen.2025.11.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194376","display_name":"AI Open","issn_l":"2666-6510","issn":["2666-6510"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3389222696","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U23B2057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7355127986","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62176185","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8804536041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62276063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316335","display_name":"Shanghai Key Basic Research Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065601151","https://openalex.org/W4213435830","https://openalex.org/W4224234247","https://openalex.org/W4386740961","https://openalex.org/W4387370151","https://openalex.org/W4391818766","https://openalex.org/W4393405223","https://openalex.org/W4393857289","https://openalex.org/W4394972221","https://openalex.org/W4396735245","https://openalex.org/W4396785978","https://openalex.org/W4396832024","https://openalex.org/W4396832811","https://openalex.org/W4398249971","https://openalex.org/W4399310967","https://openalex.org/W4401863317","https://openalex.org/W4401863429","https://openalex.org/W4403792045","https://openalex.org/W4403839143","https://openalex.org/W4404085027","https://openalex.org/W4404455864","https://openalex.org/W4404795626","https://openalex.org/W4406086579","https://openalex.org/W4406842332","https://openalex.org/W4407391926","https://openalex.org/W4407814137","https://openalex.org/W4409720679","https://openalex.org/W4409884736"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advances":[1,81],"in":[2,39,104],"large":[3],"language":[4],"models":[5],"have":[6],"transformed":[7],"urban":[8,40,95,105],"planning":[9,96],"from":[10],"passive":[11],"tool-assisted":[12],"workflows":[13],"to":[14],"active":[15],"human\u2013AI":[16],"collaborative":[17],"partnerships,":[18],"enabling":[19],"natural":[20],"language-driven":[21],"design":[22],"generation,":[23],"multi-agent":[24],"stakeholder":[25],"simulation,":[26],"and":[27,51,61,74,98,110,117,124,131,135,137],"intelligent":[28],"decision":[29],"support.":[30],"This":[31],"survey":[32,56,102],"systematically":[33],"examines":[34],"the":[35,55],"integration":[36],"of":[37],"LLMs":[38,103,114],"planning,":[41,106,136],"establishing":[42],"a":[43,139],"comprehensive":[44],"taxonomy":[45],"covering":[46,107],"task":[47],"categories,":[48],"technical":[49],"paradigms,":[50],"collaboration":[52],"patterns.":[53],"Furthermore,":[54],"identifies":[57],"critical":[58],"evaluation":[59],"frameworks":[60],"benchmark":[62],"datasets":[63],"while":[64],"examining":[65],"implementation":[66],"challenges,":[67],"including":[68],"domain":[69],"knowledge":[70],"integration,":[71],"scalability":[72],"constraints,":[73],"ethical":[75],"implications.":[76],"The":[77],"work":[78],"bridges":[79],"theoretical":[80],"with":[82],"practical":[83],"deployment":[84],"considerations,":[85],"providing":[86],"guidance":[87],"for":[88,141],"selecting":[89],"appropriate":[90],"LLM":[91],"approaches":[92],"across":[93],"different":[94],"contexts":[97],"scales.":[99],"\u2022":[100,113,127],"We":[101,128],"capabilities,":[108],"alignment,":[109],"workflow":[111],"use.":[112],"speed":[115],"summarizing":[116],"ideation":[118],"but":[119],"planners":[120],"must":[121],"steer":[122],"input":[123],"vet":[125],"outputs.":[126],"clarify":[129],"uses":[130],"risks,":[132],"bridge":[133],"AI":[134],"chart":[138],"path":[140],"practice.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}