{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7093316247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiopen.2025.10.002","title":"AI-generated content in landscape architecture: A survey","display_name":"AI-generated content in landscape architecture: A survey","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7093316247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiopen.2025.10.002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.aiopen.2025.10.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiopen.2025.10.002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194376","display_name":"AI Open","issn_l":"2666-6510","issn":["2666-6510"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiopen.2025.10.002","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yue Xing","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130751423","display_name":"Shaoguan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0286g6711","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130751423"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Art and Design, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Art and Design, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130751423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wensheng Gan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5781-8116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wensheng Gan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cyber Security, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5781-8116","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cyber Security, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qidi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9473-6595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130751423","display_name":"Shaoguan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0286g6711","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130751423"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qidi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Art and Design, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9473-6595","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Art and Design, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130751423"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Philip S. Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3491-5968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip S. Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago 60607, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3491-5968","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago 60607, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166","https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"],"apc_list":{"value":800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":800},"apc_paid":{"value":800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":800},"fwci":76.6594,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99886364,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"220","last_page":"243"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13308","display_name":"Cybernetics and Technology in Society","score":0.08020000159740448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13308","display_name":"Cybernetics and Technology in Society","score":0.08020000159740448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14401","display_name":"Technology, Environment, Urban Planning","score":0.04410000145435333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14322","display_name":"Art, Aesthetics, and Perception","score":0.03480000048875809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landscape-design","display_name":"Landscape design","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5922999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-process","display_name":"Design process","score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landscape-assessment","display_name":"Landscape assessment","score":0.4058000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-methods","display_name":"Design methods","score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-technology","display_name":"Design technology","score":0.39590001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-design-process","display_name":"Engineering design process","score":0.3921999931335449}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108865711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8071177","display_name":"Landscape design","level":2,"score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5922999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48262172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16908765","display_name":"Design process","level":3,"score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42590001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147858270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6485078","display_name":"Landscape assessment","level":3,"score":0.4058000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138852830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2292993","display_name":"Design methods","level":2,"score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179737136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5264382","display_name":"Design technology","level":2,"score":0.39590001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34972735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920267","display_name":"Engineering design process","level":2,"score":0.3921999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.3495999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.3255999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89648432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154716","display_name":"Ecological design","level":2,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008971","display_name":"Design tool","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71116409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246107","display_name":"Landscape planning","level":2,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3095000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205845201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47844","display_name":"Landscape architecture","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146508145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046315","display_name":"Level design","level":3,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161772715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136996","display_name":"User-centered design","level":2,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179399861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621486","display_name":"Landscape archaeology","level":3,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.aiopen.2025.10.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiopen.2025.10.002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194376","display_name":"AI Open","issn_l":"2666-6510","issn":["2666-6510"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bc1d3892bfff4cc88b84186555c17a52","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bc1d3892bfff4cc88b84186555c17a52","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"AI Open, Vol 6, Iss , Pp 220-243 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.aiopen.2025.10.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiopen.2025.10.002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194376","display_name":"AI Open","issn_l":"2666-6510","issn":["2666-6510"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2181580676","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024A04J9971","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324100","display_name":"Shaoguan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0286g6711"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":132,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W605986614","https://openalex.org/W1901616594","https://openalex.org/W1946128769","https://openalex.org/W1975633953","https://openalex.org/W1981432284","https://openalex.org/W1981904549","https://openalex.org/W1985870845","https://openalex.org/W2009319316","https://openalex.org/W2010926370","https://openalex.org/W2018616674","https://openalex.org/W2027808287","https://openalex.org/W2036421872","https://openalex.org/W2039132277","https://openalex.org/W2046804523","https://openalex.org/W2049408372","https://openalex.org/W2051512952","https://openalex.org/W2052531283","https://openalex.org/W2053131337","https://openalex.org/W2057132183","https://openalex.org/W2058959811","https://openalex.org/W2059707369","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2067960927","https://openalex.org/W2072499512","https://openalex.org/W2073585262","https://openalex.org/W2078742573","https://openalex.org/W2086390337","https://openalex.org/W2088891828","https://openalex.org/W2091892750","https://openalex.org/W2099504029","https://openalex.org/W2103799019","https://openalex.org/W2105103777","https://openalex.org/W2113410615","https://openalex.org/W2122122381","https://openalex.org/W2124582776","https://openalex.org/W2127393810","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2145595389","https://openalex.org/W2169818249","https://openalex.org/W2169888706","https://openalex.org/W2184405809","https://openalex.org/W2245252019","https://openalex.org/W2287307828","https://openalex.org/W2302501749","https://openalex.org/W2462244868","https://openalex.org/W2535450472","https://openalex.org/W2571487773","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2606497935","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2639936844","https://openalex.org/W2748454077","https://openalex.org/W2753403518","https://openalex.org/W2761891891","https://openalex.org/W2763455760","https://openalex.org/W2803862859","https://openalex.org/W2890650850","https://openalex.org/W2899101283","https://openalex.org/W2900699623","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2936185297","https://openalex.org/W2939067147","https://openalex.org/W2945109806","https://openalex.org/W2962949934","https://openalex.org/W2969945043","https://openalex.org/W2994143978","https://openalex.org/W3003739012","https://openalex.org/W3012041784","https://openalex.org/W3021945924","https://openalex.org/W3025967384","https://openalex.org/W3029673460","https://openalex.org/W3034616321","https://openalex.org/W3034954643","https://openalex.org/W3036067204","https://openalex.org/W3037649063","https://openalex.org/W3094418071","https://openalex.org/W3110309411","https://openalex.org/W3113152109","https://openalex.org/W3129571836","https://openalex.org/W3134208490","https://openalex.org/W3158847196","https://openalex.org/W3183820192","https://openalex.org/W3193819136","https://openalex.org/W3194192137","https://openalex.org/W3196039084","https://openalex.org/W3199107384","https://openalex.org/W3200874687","https://openalex.org/W3201366103","https://openalex.org/W3212846049","https://openalex.org/W3214830544","https://openalex.org/W3215371923","https://openalex.org/W3216277961","https://openalex.org/W4205790022","https://openalex.org/W4206254810","https://openalex.org/W4206434639","https://openalex.org/W4206706211","https://openalex.org/W4221053795","https://openalex.org/W4233882810","https://openalex.org/W4281881677","https://openalex.org/W4285534913","https://openalex.org/W4288680243","https://openalex.org/W4289520498","https://openalex.org/W4292121845","https://openalex.org/W4292148916","https://openalex.org/W4303446322","https://openalex.org/W4306160509","https://openalex.org/W4308000402","https://openalex.org/W4309199795","https://openalex.org/W4360884927","https://openalex.org/W4366278200","https://openalex.org/W4366587667","https://openalex.org/W4366609651","https://openalex.org/W4385146828","https://openalex.org/W4385164285","https://openalex.org/W4385553889","https://openalex.org/W4386323059","https://openalex.org/W4387195417","https://openalex.org/W4387510307","https://openalex.org/W4388570742","https://openalex.org/W4388889456","https://openalex.org/W4389802782","https://openalex.org/W4390872297","https://openalex.org/W4390873054","https://openalex.org/W4390875030","https://openalex.org/W4391660274","https://openalex.org/W4394613777","https://openalex.org/W4400578758","https://openalex.org/W4403499178","https://openalex.org/W4405114800","https://openalex.org/W4406947176","https://openalex.org/W4409237470","https://openalex.org/W4411956605"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Landscape":[0],"design":[1,31,65,83,95,114,123,143,152,158,183],"is":[2],"a":[3,72,213,239],"complex":[4],"process":[5,18,168],"that":[6],"requires":[7],"designers":[8],"to":[9,128],"engage":[10],"in":[11,68,136,144,175,225,233,253],"intricate":[12],"planning,":[13],"analysis,":[14,151],"and":[15,22,27,49,61,77,81,93,132,150,154,162,167,181,185,189,193,197,203,206,221,231,248],"decision-making.":[16],"This":[17,125],"involves":[19],"the":[20,39,57,98,130,199,217,243],"integration":[21],"reconstruction":[23],"of":[24,101,112,134,223,242,251],"science,":[25],"art,":[26],"technology.":[28],"Traditional":[29],"landscape":[30,113,137,142,176,226,254],"methods":[32,53],"are":[33],"shaped":[34],"by":[35],"various":[36,110],"factors,":[37],"including":[38,178],"designer\u2019s":[40,58],"knowledge,":[41],"time":[42],"constraints,":[43],"local":[44],"ecological":[45],"climate,":[46],"available":[47],"resources,":[48],"environmental":[50],"considerations.":[51],"These":[52],"often":[54],"rely":[55],"on":[56,216],"personal":[59],"experience":[60],"subjective":[62,69],"aesthetics,":[63],"with":[64],"standards":[66],"rooted":[67],"perception.":[70],"As":[71],"result,":[73],"they":[74],"lack":[75],"scientific":[76],"objective":[78,92],"evaluation":[79],"criteria":[80],"systematic":[82],"processes.":[84],"Data-driven":[85],"artificial":[86],"intelligence":[87],"(AI)":[88],"technology":[89,202],"provides":[90,212],"an":[91,116,121],"rational":[94],"process.":[96],"With":[97],"rapid":[99],"development":[100,219],"different":[102],"AI":[103],"technologies,":[104],"AI-generated":[105],"content":[106],"(AIGC)":[107],"has":[108],"permeated":[109],"aspects":[111],"at":[115],"unprecedented":[117],"speed,":[118],"serving":[119],"as":[120,147],"innovative":[122],"tool.":[124],"article":[126,211],"aims":[127],"explore":[129],"applications":[131],"opportunities":[133],"AIGC":[135,139,171,224,252],"design.":[138,227,255],"can":[140,237],"support":[141],"areas":[145],"such":[146],"site":[148,191],"research":[149,230],"concepts":[153],"scheme":[155],"generation,":[156],"parametric":[157],"optimization,":[159],"plant":[160],"selection":[161],"visual":[163],"simulation,":[164],"construction":[165],"management,":[166],"optimization.":[169],"However,":[170],"also":[172],"faces":[173],"challenges":[174,188,250],"design,":[177],"data":[179],"quality":[180],"reliability,":[182],"expertise":[184],"judgment,":[186],"technical":[187],"limitations,":[190],"characteristics":[192],"sustainability,":[194],"user":[195],"needs":[196],"participation,":[198],"balance":[200],"between":[201],"creativity,":[204],"ethics,":[205],"social":[207],"impact.":[208],"Finally,":[209],"this":[210,234],"detailed":[214],"outlook":[215],"future":[218],"trends":[220],"prospects":[222],"Through":[228],"in-depth":[229],"exploration":[232],"review,":[235],"readers":[236],"gain":[238],"better":[240],"understanding":[241],"relevant":[244],"applications,":[245],"potential":[246],"opportunities,":[247],"key":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-24T00:00:00"}