{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412449952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2025.103648","title":"An unsupervised ensemble learning method for real-time anomaly detections in variable refrigerant flow systems","display_name":"An unsupervised ensemble learning method for real-time anomaly detections in variable refrigerant flow systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412449952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2025.103648"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.aei.2025.103648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2025.103648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112141509","display_name":"Advanced Engineering Informatics","issn_l":"1474-0346","issn":["1474-0346","1873-5320"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Engineering Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112112553","display_name":"Haihui He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haihui He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sino-Australia Joint Research Center in BIM and Smart Construction, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sino-Australia Joint Research Center in BIM and Smart Construction, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101650943","display_name":"Cheng Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1199-2119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Resilient Infrastructures of Coastal Cities, Ministry of Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","Sino-Australia Joint Research Center in BIM and Smart Construction, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science (Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Resilient Infrastructures of Coastal Cities, Ministry of Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sino-Australia Joint Research Center in BIM and Smart Construction, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science (Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086189053","display_name":"Yutian Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6018-2015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yutian Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sino-Australia Joint Research Center in BIM and Smart Construction, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sino-Australia Joint Research Center in BIM and Smart Construction, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100365283","display_name":"Bin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4343-9833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093653","display_name":"Midea Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/006fm2278","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093653"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Midea HVAC Heating & Ventilation Equipment Co., Ltd, Foshan 528311, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Midea HVAC Heating & Ventilation Equipment Co., Ltd, Foshan 528311, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100750869","display_name":"Zhijie Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9232-7382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093653","display_name":"Midea Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/006fm2278","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093653"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijie Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Midea Building Technology Midea Group (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Midea Building Technology Midea Group (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093653"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083644092","display_name":"Chunyuan Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0306-7310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093653","display_name":"Midea Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/006fm2278","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093653"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunyuan Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Midea HVAC Heating & Ventilation Equipment Co., Ltd, Foshan 528311, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Midea HVAC Heating & Ventilation Equipment Co., Ltd, Foshan 528311, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093653"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101650943"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"],"apc_list":{"value":3570,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3570},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.7811,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98241401,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":null,"first_page":"103648","last_page":"103648"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.7627924680709839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refrigerant","display_name":"Refrigerant","score":0.5687143206596375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.5441729426383972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.526104748249054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.5253987908363342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.49276259541511536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.4845382571220398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.4258945882320404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4208945631980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36352774500846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1992250680923462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16345730423927307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06426721811294556}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.7627924680709839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199499590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q266790","display_name":"Refrigerant","level":3,"score":0.5687143206596375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5441729426383972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.526104748249054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5253987908363342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.49276259541511536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.4845382571220398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4258945882320404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4208945631980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36352774500846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1992250680923462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16345730423927307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06426721811294556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131097465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178898","display_name":"Gas compressor","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.aei.2025.103648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2025.103648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112141509","display_name":"Advanced Engineering Informatics","issn_l":"1474-0346","issn":["1474-0346","1873-5320"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advanced Engineering Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1369656712","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52278117","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2339588764","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20240813143330039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336569","funder_display_name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2878047176","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024A1515011549","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7774323471","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20220810160221001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336569","funder_display_name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8540759419","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SZ2024C006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336569","funder_display_name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8928464103","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20220531101800001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336569","funder_display_name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336569","display_name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990517717","https://openalex.org/W1998871699","https://openalex.org/W2011430131","https://openalex.org/W2021130932","https://openalex.org/W2087047555","https://openalex.org/W2122646361","https://openalex.org/W2132549764","https://openalex.org/W2139280638","https://openalex.org/W2163121678","https://openalex.org/W2315004750","https://openalex.org/W2560948582","https://openalex.org/W2570259655","https://openalex.org/W2595996626","https://openalex.org/W2742343860","https://openalex.org/W2743138268","https://openalex.org/W2760193045","https://openalex.org/W2780476542","https://openalex.org/W2806854509","https://openalex.org/W2908081181","https://openalex.org/W2943017772","https://openalex.org/W2997574889","https://openalex.org/W3035504170","https://openalex.org/W3040269440","https://openalex.org/W3068820327","https://openalex.org/W3172797106","https://openalex.org/W3215241136","https://openalex.org/W4200247170","https://openalex.org/W4231029117","https://openalex.org/W4281612962","https://openalex.org/W4281706135","https://openalex.org/W4308102698","https://openalex.org/W4361026914","https://openalex.org/W4366608291","https://openalex.org/W4367173182","https://openalex.org/W4385765401","https://openalex.org/W4386002729","https://openalex.org/W4386410820","https://openalex.org/W4387642485","https://openalex.org/W4388591696","https://openalex.org/W4390840256","https://openalex.org/W4391033027","https://openalex.org/W4392349200","https://openalex.org/W4392434800","https://openalex.org/W4392470019","https://openalex.org/W4399867581","https://openalex.org/W4402389761","https://openalex.org/W4402623753","https://openalex.org/W4402679706","https://openalex.org/W4404454990","https://openalex.org/W4404651005","https://openalex.org/W4405674784","https://openalex.org/W4406605677","https://openalex.org/W6603743114","https://openalex.org/W6681096077"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2806741695","https://openalex.org/W4290647774","https://openalex.org/W3189286258","https://openalex.org/W3207797160","https://openalex.org/W3210364259","https://openalex.org/W4300558037","https://openalex.org/W2667207928","https://openalex.org/W2912112202","https://openalex.org/W4377864969","https://openalex.org/W3120251014"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-18T08:16:58.900851","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}