{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4239123863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4573(94)90001-9","title":"Introduction","display_name":"Introduction","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4239123863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4573(94)90001-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0306-4573(94)90001-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4573(94)90001-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S174847851","display_name":"Information Processing & Management","issn_l":"0306-4573","issn":["0306-4573","1873-5371"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Processing & Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008265749","display_name":"Abraham Bookstein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abraham Bookstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036953367","display_name":"James A. Storer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6902469","display_name":"Brandeis University","ror":"https://ror.org/05abbep66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6902469"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Storer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02254, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02254, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6902469"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008265749"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"],"apc_list":{"value":3220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3220},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"6","first_page":"731","last_page":"732"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":null,"topics":[],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.437738299369812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.437738299369812}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0306-4573(94)90001-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4573(94)90001-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S174847851","display_name":"Information Processing & Management","issn_l":"0306-4573","issn":["0306-4573","1873-5371"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Processing & Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970930000","https://openalex.org/W1971654241","https://openalex.org/W1974491793","https://openalex.org/W2002855154","https://openalex.org/W2015690376","https://openalex.org/W2023171699","https://openalex.org/W2066464728","https://openalex.org/W2100846655","https://openalex.org/W4210485675","https://openalex.org/W6642766130","https://openalex.org/W6643858714","https://openalex.org/W6650891428","https://openalex.org/W6654578422","https://openalex.org/W6656181907","https://openalex.org/W6667215697","https://openalex.org/W6674950534"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655","https://openalex.org/W2359140296"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-24T19:35:01.260952","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}