{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2061705910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0000(83)90022-3","title":"Checking Sets, Test Sets, Rich Languages and Commutatively Closed Languages","display_name":"Checking Sets, Test Sets, Rich Languages and Commutatively Closed Languages","publication_year":1983,"publication_date":"1983-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2061705910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0000(83)90022-3","mag":"2061705910"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0022-0000(83)90022-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0000(83)90022-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S141020589","display_name":"Journal of Computer and System Sciences","issn_l":"0022-0000","issn":["0022-0000","1090-2724"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer and System Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104351831","display_name":"J\u00fcrgen Albert","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J\u00fcrgen Albert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Informatik and Formale Beschreibungsverfahren, Universit\u00e4t Karlsruhe, D-7500 Karlsruhe, West Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Angewandte Informatik and Formale Beschreibungsverfahren, Universit\u00e4t Karlsruhe, D-7500 Karlsruhe, West Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110252515","display_name":"Derick Wood","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derick Wood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104351831"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"],"apc_list":{"value":2520,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2520},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1346,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77513446,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":"82","last_page":"91"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5838562250137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.5566045641899109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5398645997047424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-family-of-languages","display_name":"Abstract family of languages","score":0.46473196148872375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-generation-programming-language","display_name":"Second-generation programming language","score":0.2509472370147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fifth-generation-programming-language","display_name":"Fifth-generation programming language","score":0.19026121497154236}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5838562250137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5566045641899109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5398645997047424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199163288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3065587","display_name":"Abstract family of languages","level":5,"score":0.46473196148872375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11164408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18657800","display_name":"Second-generation programming language","level":4,"score":0.2509472370147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199305712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3205914","display_name":"Fifth-generation programming language","level":3,"score":0.19026121497154236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0022-0000(83)90022-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0000(83)90022-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S141020589","display_name":"Journal of Computer and System Sciences","issn_l":"0022-0000","issn":["0022-0000","1090-2724"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer and System Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39461830","https://openalex.org/W649173217","https://openalex.org/W1535681052","https://openalex.org/W1577059114","https://openalex.org/W1817451992","https://openalex.org/W1988377318","https://openalex.org/W1993370765","https://openalex.org/W2012813724","https://openalex.org/W2046041498","https://openalex.org/W2055420198","https://openalex.org/W2071271929","https://openalex.org/W2074488484","https://openalex.org/W2082323186","https://openalex.org/W2188913344","https://openalex.org/W2592184324","https://openalex.org/W2914032487","https://openalex.org/W6601620188","https://openalex.org/W6647333257","https://openalex.org/W6648519890"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2130043461","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
