{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3021535867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1574-9576(06)80011-0","title":"Chapter 9 From search engines to question answering systems \u2014 The problems of world knowledge, relevance, deduction and precisiation","display_name":"Chapter 9 From search engines to question answering systems \u2014 The problems of world knowledge, relevance, deduction and precisiation","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3021535867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1574-9576(06)80011-0","mag":"3021535867"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s1574-9576(06)80011-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1574-9576(06)80011-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210222125","display_name":"Capturing intelligence","issn_l":"1574-9576","issn":["1574-9576","2212-1498"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Capturing Intelligence","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109036851","display_name":"Lotfi A. Zadeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lotfi A. Zadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berkeley initiative in Soft Computing (BISC), Computer Science Division and the Electronics Research Laboratory, Department of EECS, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1776, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkeley initiative in Soft Computing (BISC), Computer Science Division and the Electronics Research Laboratory, Department of EECS, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1776, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109036851"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0273,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":88,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9715576,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"163","last_page":"210"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6061701774597168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5525394678115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.5313953161239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.5129837393760681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"Knowledge base","score":0.47578465938568115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle","display_name":"Obstacle","score":0.4202865958213806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.36777418851852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31775325536727905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.20670244097709656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6061701774597168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5525394678115845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.5313953161239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.5129837393760681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.47578465938568115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.4202865958213806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.36777418851852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31775325536727905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.20670244097709656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s1574-9576(06)80011-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1574-9576(06)80011-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210222125","display_name":"Capturing intelligence","issn_l":"1574-9576","issn":["1574-9576","2212-1498"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Capturing Intelligence","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W88272009","https://openalex.org/W105718829","https://openalex.org/W218974552","https://openalex.org/W1480643874","https://openalex.org/W1492076504","https://openalex.org/W1524157153","https://openalex.org/W1557923305","https://openalex.org/W1558801924","https://openalex.org/W1566211337","https://openalex.org/W1973764102","https://openalex.org/W1975279733","https://openalex.org/W1980080444","https://openalex.org/W1997196510","https://openalex.org/W2013099035","https://openalex.org/W2016415759","https://openalex.org/W2030949032","https://openalex.org/W2033709196","https://openalex.org/W2038190934","https://openalex.org/W2039387775","https://openalex.org/W2041280856","https://openalex.org/W2052544013","https://openalex.org/W2054575392","https://openalex.org/W2066636486","https://openalex.org/W2071782633","https://openalex.org/W2092180595","https://openalex.org/W2107658650","https://openalex.org/W2132491917","https://openalex.org/W2148534795","https://openalex.org/W2153676086","https://openalex.org/W2157041604","https://openalex.org/W2163982943","https://openalex.org/W2179045687","https://openalex.org/W2319184994","https://openalex.org/W2489466015","https://openalex.org/W2617942944","https://openalex.org/W4206120620","https://openalex.org/W4211007335","https://openalex.org/W4239696231","https://openalex.org/W4240278385","https://openalex.org/W4245152641","https://openalex.org/W4249749961","https://openalex.org/W4253407057","https://openalex.org/W4298364342","https://openalex.org/W6603593542","https://openalex.org/W6605778808","https://openalex.org/W6630584345","https://openalex.org/W6632067890","https://openalex.org/W6633079737","https://openalex.org/W6633424790","https://openalex.org/W6633659080","https://openalex.org/W6633996426","https://openalex.org/W6634876504","https://openalex.org/W6635757092","https://openalex.org/W6638427542","https://openalex.org/W6645501862","https://openalex.org/W6667169455"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2794103424","https://openalex.org/W4245435724","https://openalex.org/W1996530509","https://openalex.org/W3028317537","https://openalex.org/W2389515972","https://openalex.org/W3134247745","https://openalex.org/W4226243593","https://openalex.org/W3172691639","https://openalex.org/W2963582704","https://openalex.org/W4285816982"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}