{"id":"https://openalex.org/W427395978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1389-0417(01)00022-5","title":"Review of: Speech and language processing","display_name":"Review of: Speech and language processing","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W427395978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1389-0417(01)00022-5","mag":"427395978"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s1389-0417(01)00022-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1389-0417(01)00022-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96254641","display_name":"Cognitive Systems Research","issn_l":"1389-0417","issn":["1389-0417","2214-4366"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Systems Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027802550","display_name":"Sheila Garfield","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5728261","display_name":"University of Sunderland","ror":"https://ror.org/04p55hr04","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5728261"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sheila Garfield","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sunderland, Hybrid Intelligent Systems Group, Centre for Informatics, SCET, Room 201, Sunderland SR6 0DD, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sunderland, Hybrid Intelligent Systems Group, Centre for Informatics, SCET, Room 201, Sunderland SR6 0DD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5728261"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027802550"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5728261"],"apc_list":{"value":2770,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2770},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04036311,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"2","first_page":"167","last_page":"172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9664999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7198852300643921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.5926651954650879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.5891871452331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.5471372604370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psycholinguistics","display_name":"Psycholinguistics","score":0.5016324520111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subject","display_name":"Subject (documents)","score":0.48249053955078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.4320610463619232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.38781464099884033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3573046922683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.15877872705459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.14323952794075012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1271463930606842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09051617980003357}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7198852300643921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.5926651954650879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5891871452331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5471372604370117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89267518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179488","display_name":"Psycholinguistics","level":3,"score":0.5016324520111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.48249053955078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4320610463619232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.38781464099884033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3573046922683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.15877872705459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.14323952794075012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1271463930606842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09051617980003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s1389-0417(01)00022-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1389-0417(01)00022-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96254641","display_name":"Cognitive Systems Research","issn_l":"1389-0417","issn":["1389-0417","2214-4366"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Systems Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:sure.sunderland.ac.uk:6830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/view/creators/Garfield=3ASheila=3A=3A.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402295","display_name":"Sunderland Repository (University of Sunderland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5728261","host_organization_name":"University of Sunderland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5728261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W149809343","https://openalex.org/W1513168562","https://openalex.org/W1526192025","https://openalex.org/W1567277581","https://openalex.org/W1567570606","https://openalex.org/W1773803948","https://openalex.org/W1996404651","https://openalex.org/W2019413183","https://openalex.org/W2040713190","https://openalex.org/W2054177078","https://openalex.org/W2083200062","https://openalex.org/W2111989294","https://openalex.org/W2117400858","https://openalex.org/W2149305480","https://openalex.org/W2913408926","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6630740198","https://openalex.org/W6677437730","https://openalex.org/W6844806741"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3118224419","https://openalex.org/W4391150403","https://openalex.org/W2081749821","https://openalex.org/W1968572830","https://openalex.org/W2090814745","https://openalex.org/W2154994723","https://openalex.org/W2029896371","https://openalex.org/W2136497797","https://openalex.org/W2030395623"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}