{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2103913084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1386-5056(98)00163-4","title":"Measurement and classification of retinal vascular tortuosity","display_name":"Measurement and classification of retinal vascular tortuosity","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2103913084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1386-5056(98)00163-4","mag":"2103913084","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10193892"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s1386-5056(98)00163-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1386-5056(98)00163-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53142634","display_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","issn_l":"1386-5056","issn":["1386-5056","1872-8243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102842741","display_name":"William E. Hart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6849-2780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William E. Hart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied and Numerical Mathematics, Sandia National Laboratories, Alburquerque, NM 87185, USA. wehart@cs.sandia.gov","Department of Applied and Numerical Mathematics, Sandia National Laboratories, Alburquerque, NM 87185, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied and Numerical Mathematics, Sandia National Laboratories, Alburquerque, NM 87185, USA. wehart@cs.sandia.gov","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied and Numerical Mathematics, Sandia National Laboratories, Alburquerque, NM 87185, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076490467","display_name":"Michael H. Goldbaum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7721-2736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Goldbaum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA","[Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075236637","display_name":"Brad C\u00f4t\u00e9","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brad C\u00f4t\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Registry, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Registry, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043111283","display_name":"Paul Kube","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Kube","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA, USA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, CA, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103169075","display_name":"Mark Nelson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5944-6096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128683","display_name":"Vector (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/036y4q615","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128683"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark R. Nelson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Vector, San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Vector, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102842741"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"],"apc_list":{"value":3210,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3210},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9177,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":326,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85163205,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"2-3","first_page":"239","last_page":"252"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12599","display_name":"Retinal and Optic Conditions","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tortuosity","display_name":"Tortuosity","score":0.8334375619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal","display_name":"Retinal","score":0.663797914981842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5204493999481201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42021897435188293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33876699209213257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2834043502807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.27145063877105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.16031739115715027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185250623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2301683","display_name":"Tortuosity","level":3,"score":0.8334375619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.663797914981842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5204493999481201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42021897435188293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33876699209213257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2834043502807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.27145063877105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.16031739115715027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005654","descriptor_name":"Fundus Oculi","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005654","descriptor_name":"Fundus Oculi","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005654","descriptor_name":"Fundus Oculi","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012164","descriptor_name":"Retinal Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012164","descriptor_name":"Retinal Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012164","descriptor_name":"Retinal Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012171","descriptor_name":"Retinal Vessels","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012171","descriptor_name":"Retinal Vessels","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012171","descriptor_name":"Retinal Vessels","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s1386-5056(98)00163-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1386-5056(98)00163-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S53142634","display_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","issn_l":"1386-5056","issn":["1386-5056","1872-8243"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Medical Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10193892","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10193892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of medical informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.51.6993","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.51.6993","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.cs.sandia.gov/pub/papers/wehart/1999/HarGolCotKubNel99-sub.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559339763","https://openalex.org/W1970666762","https://openalex.org/W1990748933","https://openalex.org/W1999142692","https://openalex.org/W2005646037","https://openalex.org/W2021651105","https://openalex.org/W2054371071","https://openalex.org/W2071234913","https://openalex.org/W2082206872","https://openalex.org/W2104776149","https://openalex.org/W2108764134","https://openalex.org/W2120176508","https://openalex.org/W2140766383","https://openalex.org/W2166524747","https://openalex.org/W2584655661","https://openalex.org/W3017143921","https://openalex.org/W7008019971"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3101152546","https://openalex.org/W4242461735","https://openalex.org/W2497324722","https://openalex.org/W2015139878","https://openalex.org/W4200526323","https://openalex.org/W2050474108","https://openalex.org/W3189172001","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}