{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2310301607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1353-4858(16)30008-3","title":"The evolution of malware","display_name":"The evolution of malware","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2310301607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1353-4858(16)30008-3","mag":"2310301607"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s1353-4858(16)30008-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1353-4858(16)30008-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764863393","display_name":"Network Security","issn_l":"1353-4858","issn":["1353-4858","1872-9371"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Network Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023359472","display_name":"Fred Touchette","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fred Touchette","raw_affiliation_strings":["AppRiver"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AppRiver","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023359472"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9714,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96052176,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2016","issue":"1","first_page":"11","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.7994999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.7994999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8902495503425598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-virus","display_name":"Computer virus","score":0.7427749633789062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6414945125579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistance","display_name":"Resistance (ecology)","score":0.6338802576065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6197522282600403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5906856060028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.5185847282409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.05657905340194702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.052906155586242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.04393601417541504}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8902495503425598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19407854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485","display_name":"Computer virus","level":2,"score":0.7427749633789062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6414945125579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57473165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315604","display_name":"Resistance (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.6338802576065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6197522282600403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5906856060028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5185847282409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.05657905340194702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.052906155586242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.04393601417541504}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s1353-4858(16)30008-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1353-4858(16)30008-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764863393","display_name":"Network Security","issn_l":"1353-4858","issn":["1353-4858","1872-9371"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Network Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W105687728","https://openalex.org/W123401891","https://openalex.org/W1595564425","https://openalex.org/W2104692292","https://openalex.org/W2409664136"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3170525725","https://openalex.org/W1547989871","https://openalex.org/W3118040876","https://openalex.org/W2323028880","https://openalex.org/W2149928749","https://openalex.org/W1971295515","https://openalex.org/W2125567354","https://openalex.org/W2188132133","https://openalex.org/W4255382767","https://openalex.org/W2787177649"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"After":[0],"the":[1,11,24,39,42,57,90],"first":[2,26],"personal":[3],"computers":[4],"were":[5],"introduced":[6,22],"as":[7,30],"kits":[8],"in":[9],"1975,":[10],"computing":[12],"world":[13],"only":[14],"had":[15],"six":[16],"years":[17],"before":[18],"it":[19],"would":[20],"be":[21],"to":[23,83,95,97,105,120],"very":[25],"computer":[27],"virus,":[28],"known":[29],"Elk":[31],"Cloner.":[32],"Computer":[33],"viruses":[34],"appeared":[35],"not":[36,70],"long":[37],"after":[38],"introduction":[40],"of":[41,54,59,92],"PC":[43],"and":[44,50,61,85,103,113],"have":[45,65],"become":[46],"ever":[47],"more":[48],"sophisticated":[49],"troublesome.":[51],"Fred":[52],"Touchette":[53],"AppRiver":[55],"charts":[56],"progress":[58],"malware":[60],"shows":[62],"how":[63,114],"cyber-criminals":[64],"constantly":[66],"innovated.":[67],"It":[68],"is":[69],"likely":[71],"that":[72],"these":[73],"attacks":[74],"will":[75,81,86,117],"go":[76],"away,":[77],"but":[78],"instead":[79],"they":[80,99,115],"continue":[82],"evolve":[84],"always":[87],"search":[88],"for":[89],"path":[91],"least":[93],"resistance":[94],"get":[96],"what":[98],"want.":[100],"Staying":[101],"informed":[102],"up":[104],"date":[106],"on":[107],"which":[108],"threats":[109],"are":[110],"out":[111],"there":[112],"work":[116],"help":[118],"you":[119],"fight":[121],"them.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}