{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2106664807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00049-1","title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) \u201cbrain reading\u201d: detecting and classifying distributed patterns of fMRI activity in human visual cortex","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) \u201cbrain reading\u201d: detecting and classifying distributed patterns of fMRI activity in human visual cortex","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2106664807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00049-1","mag":"2106664807","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12814577"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00049-1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00049-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103225281","display_name":"NeuroImage","issn_l":"1053-8119","issn":["1053-8119","1095-9572"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NeuroImage","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100763986","display_name":"David Cox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2189-9743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127055","display_name":"Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging","ror":"https://ror.org/032q5ym94","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I4210127055","https://openalex.org/I48633490","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David D Cox","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rowland Institute for Science, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. davidcox@mit.edu","Rowland Institute for Science, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA","Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Structural and Functional Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rowland Institute for Science, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. davidcox@mit.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rowland Institute for Science, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Structural and Functional Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127055"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021110842","display_name":"Robert L. Savoy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127055","display_name":"Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging","ror":"https://ror.org/032q5ym94","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210087915","https://openalex.org/I4210127055","https://openalex.org/I48633490","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert L Savoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Structural and Functional Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA","HyperVision, Inc., P.O. Box 158, Lexington, MA 02420, USA","Rowland Institute for Science, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Structural and Functional Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127055"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HyperVision, Inc., P.O. Box 158, Lexington, MA 02420, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rowland Institute for Science, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100763986"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127055","https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":{"value":3450,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3450},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.1301,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1095,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97961783,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"261","last_page":"270"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.7523205280303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voxel","display_name":"Voxel","score":0.7368794083595276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6810235977172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6643126010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6012851595878601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.5732158422470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/univariate","display_name":"Univariate","score":0.534162163734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5193089842796326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-activity-and-meditation","display_name":"Brain activity and meditation","score":0.46335864067077637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-cortex","display_name":"Visual cortex","score":0.4470064640045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-statistics","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","score":0.4350835084915161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.22646906971931458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.22299644351005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.19765791296958923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.1381952166557312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779226451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.7523205280303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54170458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663554","display_name":"Voxel","level":2,"score":0.7368794083595276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6810235977172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6643126010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6012851595878601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.5732158422470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199163554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1681619","display_name":"Univariate","level":3,"score":0.534162163734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5193089842796326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120843803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955807","display_name":"Brain activity and meditation","level":3,"score":0.46335864067077637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779345533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75785","display_name":"Visual cortex","level":2,"score":0.4470064640045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.4350835084915161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.22646906971931458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.22299644351005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.19765791296958923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.1381952166557312}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001931","descriptor_name":"Brain Mapping","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001931","descriptor_name":"Brain Mapping","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001931","descriptor_name":"Brain Mapping","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004193","descriptor_name":"Discrimination Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004193","descriptor_name":"Discrimination Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004193","descriptor_name":"Discrimination Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008432","descriptor_name":"Mathematical Computing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008432","descriptor_name":"Mathematical Computing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008432","descriptor_name":"Mathematical Computing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012039","descriptor_name":"Regional Blood Flow","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012039","descriptor_name":"Regional Blood Flow","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012039","descriptor_name":"Regional Blood Flow","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014793","descriptor_name":"Visual Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000098","qualifier_name":"blood supply","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014793","descriptor_name":"Visual Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000098","qualifier_name":"blood supply","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014793","descriptor_name":"Visual Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000098","qualifier_name":"blood supply","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014793","descriptor_name":"Visual Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014793","descriptor_name":"Visual Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014793","descriptor_name":"Visual Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015999","descriptor_name":"Multivariate Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015999","descriptor_name":"Multivariate Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015999","descriptor_name":"Multivariate Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00049-1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00049-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103225281","display_name":"NeuroImage","issn_l":"1053-8119","issn":["1053-8119","1095-9572"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NeuroImage","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12814577","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12814577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"NeuroImage","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309622","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332916","display_name":"Rowland Institute at Harvard","ror":"https://ror.org/03eta9142"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971198927","https://openalex.org/W1975427503","https://openalex.org/W1991232523","https://openalex.org/W2016444985","https://openalex.org/W2052986837","https://openalex.org/W2086593994","https://openalex.org/W2089632738","https://openalex.org/W2098057602","https://openalex.org/W2102794349","https://openalex.org/W2108995755","https://openalex.org/W2110437310","https://openalex.org/W2111609296","https://openalex.org/W2117731089","https://openalex.org/W2123341385","https://openalex.org/W2126142381","https://openalex.org/W2137219180","https://openalex.org/W2146578319","https://openalex.org/W2152832320","https://openalex.org/W4246427780"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1828158523","https://openalex.org/W2047547195","https://openalex.org/W204175656","https://openalex.org/W1993992974","https://openalex.org/W1512294453","https://openalex.org/W2738234280","https://openalex.org/W3027020613","https://openalex.org/W2550734047","https://openalex.org/W2911841387","https://openalex.org/W2341571017"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":73}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}