{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2032124273","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0953-5438(98)00061-7","title":"Learning through virtual reality: a preliminary investigation","display_name":"Learning through virtual reality: a preliminary investigation","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2032124273","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0953-5438(98)00061-7","mag":"2032124273"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0953-5438(98)00061-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0953-5438(98)00061-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23117883","display_name":"Interacting with Computers","issn_l":"0953-5438","issn":["0953-5438","1873-7951"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interacting with Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012153930","display_name":"Stella Mills","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stella Mills","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IT, Cheltenham & Gloucester CHE, The Park, PO Box 220, Cheltenham GL50 2QF, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IT, Cheltenham & Gloucester CHE, The Park, PO Box 220, Cheltenham GL50 2QF, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Maria Madalena T de Ara\u00fajo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Madalena T de Ara\u00fajo","raw_affiliation_strings":["bDepartment de Sistemas e Produc\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade do Minho, Azur\u00e9m, 4800 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","Department de Sistemas e Produc\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade do Minho, Azur\u00e9m, 4800 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"bDepartment de Sistemas e Produc\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade do Minho, Azur\u00e9m, 4800 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department de Sistemas e Produc\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade do Minho, Azur\u00e9m, 4800 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2635,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3232},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.161,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80157895,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"4","first_page":"453","last_page":"462"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.9531999826431274,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formative-assessment","display_name":"Formative assessment","score":0.8648396134376526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6728556752204895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5884780883789062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portuguese","display_name":"Portuguese","score":0.5651968121528625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subject","display_name":"Subject (documents)","score":0.5186033248901367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.4831213653087616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4743947982788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.41780704259872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.4148838222026825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3258824944496155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.24441391229629517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1494646668434143}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42525527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209955","display_name":"Formative assessment","level":2,"score":0.8648396134376526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6728556752204895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5884780883789062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35219183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5146","display_name":"Portuguese","level":2,"score":0.5651968121528625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.5186033248901367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4831213653087616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4743947982788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.41780704259872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4148838222026825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3258824944496155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.24441391229629517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1494646668434143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0953-5438(98)00061-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0953-5438(98)00061-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23117883","display_name":"Interacting with Computers","issn_l":"0953-5438","issn":["0953-5438","1873-7951"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interacting with Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W134132120","https://openalex.org/W1485964878","https://openalex.org/W1496369302","https://openalex.org/W1576635857","https://openalex.org/W1600584016","https://openalex.org/W2066415467","https://openalex.org/W2086284468","https://openalex.org/W2105243233","https://openalex.org/W2112867980","https://openalex.org/W2127554567","https://openalex.org/W6629780213","https://openalex.org/W6666911405"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W609482051","https://openalex.org/W3199325201","https://openalex.org/W2792035366","https://openalex.org/W4386050096","https://openalex.org/W2360976019","https://openalex.org/W2351166673","https://openalex.org/W2390109066","https://openalex.org/W2002537515","https://openalex.org/W2349355552"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Our":[0],"understanding":[1],"of":[2,7,20,26,55,95,115,140],"learning":[3,114,143],"through":[4],"the":[5,50,53,92,113,116,123,135],"use":[6],"Virtual":[8],"Reality":[9],"(VR)":[10],"is":[11,22,25,31],"still":[12],"in":[13,70,112],"its":[14],"infancy":[15],"but":[16,129],"a":[17,56,65,105],"small":[18,57],"core":[19],"work":[21],"emerging":[23],"that":[24,38,121],"growing":[27],"importance.":[28],"The":[29,118],"literature":[30],"utilised":[32],"to":[33,41,68,90,99,108],"derive":[34],"three":[35],"design":[36,54],"principles":[37,48],"are":[39,149],"pertinent":[40],"VR":[42,58],"systems":[43],"used":[44,62],"for":[45,52,63,86,110],"learning.":[46],"These":[47],"form":[49],"basis":[51],"world":[59],"which":[60],"was":[61,84,120],"teaching":[64],"managment":[66],"technique":[67],"students":[69,89],"Higher":[71],"Education":[72],"(HE).":[73],"Thus,":[74],"this":[75],"project":[76],"naturally":[77],"divided":[78],"into":[79],"two":[80],"stages:":[81],"first,":[82],"software":[83,136],"developed":[85],"Portuguese":[87],"HE":[88],"learn":[91],"basic":[93],"concept":[94],"apportioning":[96],"resources":[97],"subject":[98],"constraints,":[100],"while":[101],"Stage":[102],"2":[103],"comprised":[104],"formative":[106],"experiment":[107],"test":[109],"differences":[111],"technique.":[117],"conclusion":[119],"overall":[122],"traditionally":[124],"taught":[125],"group":[126],"faired":[127],"better,":[128,133],"not":[130],"statistically":[131],"significantly":[132],"than":[134],"based":[137],"group.":[138],"Issues":[139],"enjoyment":[141],"and":[142],"were":[144],"also":[145],"raised.":[146],"More":[147],"studies":[148],"needed":[150],"before":[151],"any":[152],"generalities":[153],"can":[154],"be":[155],"drawn.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}