{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2083245912","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0950-7051(97)00029-4","title":"Automatic induction of rules for text simplification","display_name":"Automatic induction of rules for text simplification","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2083245912","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0950-7051(97)00029-4","mag":"2083245912"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0950-7051(97)00029-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0950-7051(97)00029-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10169007","display_name":"Knowledge-Based Systems","issn_l":"0950-7051","issn":["0950-7051","1872-7409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge-Based Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0950-7051(97)00029-4","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058403100","display_name":"Raman Chandrasekar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2755-0745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40036882","display_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","ror":"https://ror.org/00f809463","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40036882"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R Chandrasekar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Research in Cognitive Science and Center for the Advanced Study of India, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","Institute for Research in Cognitive Science and Center for the Advanced Study of India, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Research in Cognitive Science and Center for the Advanced Study of India, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40036882","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Research in Cognitive Science and Center for the Advanced Study of India, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061105309","display_name":"Srinivas Bachu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5497-0588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B Srinivas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058403100"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40036882","https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":{"value":3130,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3130},"apc_paid":{"value":3130,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3130},"fwci":1.2076,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":149,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83814344,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"3","first_page":"183","last_page":"190"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9599000215530396,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8355672955513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.7127500772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.6715841293334961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.6240885853767395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6121068000793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.601567268371582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5397447347640991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency-grammar","display_name":"Dependency grammar","score":0.4597175121307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-induction","display_name":"Rule induction","score":0.4479590356349945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4357905983924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-system","display_name":"Rule-based system","score":0.43455925583839417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.43449386954307556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2797735333442688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8355672955513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.7127500772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.6715841293334961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6240885853767395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6121068000793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.601567268371582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5397447347640991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164883195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674834","display_name":"Dependency grammar","level":3,"score":0.4597175121307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776780472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378945","display_name":"Rule induction","level":2,"score":0.4479590356349945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4357905983924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149271511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417149","display_name":"Rule-based system","level":2,"score":0.43455925583839417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.43449386954307556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2797735333442688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0950-7051(97)00029-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0950-7051(97)00029-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10169007","display_name":"Knowledge-Based Systems","issn_l":"0950-7051","issn":["0950-7051","1872-7409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge-Based Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:ircs_reports-1110","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/ircs_reports/108","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196331","display_name":"Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IRCS Technical Reports Series","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.118.7878","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.118.7878","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.research.microsoft.com/~ramanc/Publications/AIR.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.192.2932","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.192.2932","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ircs.upenn.edu/download/techreports/1996/96-30.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.32.4631","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.32.4631","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.cis.upenn.edu/pub/mickeyc/AIR.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.85.1300","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.85.1300","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://research.microsoft.com/~ramanc/Publications/AutoInduc.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:20.500.14332/37520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/37520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"published","raw_type":"Report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0950-7051(97)00029-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0950-7051(97)00029-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10169007","display_name":"Knowledge-Based Systems","issn_l":"0950-7051","issn":["0950-7051","1872-7409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge-Based Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508382620","https://openalex.org/W1556178221","https://openalex.org/W1718065290","https://openalex.org/W2005505724","https://openalex.org/W2042262613","https://openalex.org/W2048643630","https://openalex.org/W2061271742","https://openalex.org/W2082092506","https://openalex.org/W2098952066","https://openalex.org/W2131986285","https://openalex.org/W2134237567","https://openalex.org/W2152055978","https://openalex.org/W4233559841"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2251084681","https://openalex.org/W287510790","https://openalex.org/W2098784136","https://openalex.org/W2130795788","https://openalex.org/W2968543375","https://openalex.org/W2571817549","https://openalex.org/W1541975828","https://openalex.org/W2159336305","https://openalex.org/W2987141700","https://openalex.org/W2953770453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Long":[0],"and":[1,57,64,90],"complicated":[2],"sentences":[3,22],"pose":[4],"various":[5],"problems":[6],"to":[7,18,25],"many":[8],"state-of-the-art":[9],"natural":[10],"language":[11],"technologies.":[12],"We":[13],"have":[14],"been":[15],"exploring":[16],"methods":[17,30],"automatically":[19,74],"transform":[20],"such":[21],"in":[23,45,96],"order":[24],"make":[26],"them":[27],"simpler.":[28],"These":[29],"involve":[31],"the":[32,40,43,46,97],"use":[33],"of":[34,42,48],"a":[35,81],"rule-based":[36],"system,":[37],"driven":[38],"by":[39,67],"syntax":[41],"text":[44],"domain":[47,54],"interest.":[49],"Hand-crafting":[50],"rules":[51,70],"for":[52,71],"every":[53],"is":[55],"time-consuming":[56],"impractical.":[58],"The":[59,93],"paper":[60,98],"describes":[61],"an":[62,65],"algorithm":[63,94],"implementation":[66],"which":[68,86],"generalized":[69],"simplification":[72],"are":[73],"induced":[75],"from":[76],"annotated":[77],"training":[78],"material":[79],"using":[80],"novel":[82],"partial":[83],"parsing":[84],"technique":[85],"combines":[87],"constituent":[88],"structure":[89],"dependency":[91],"information.":[92],"described":[95],"employs":[99],"example-based":[100],"generalizations":[101],"on":[102],"linguistically":[103],"motivated":[104],"structures.":[105]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}