{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2093882966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0950-5849(98)00095-0","title":"Improving risk management: moving from risk elimination to risk avoidance","display_name":"Improving risk management: moving from risk elimination to risk avoidance","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2093882966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0950-5849(98)00095-0","mag":"2093882966"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0950-5849(98)00095-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0950-5849(98)00095-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205010575","display_name":"Information and Software Technology","issn_l":"0950-5849","issn":["0950-5849","1873-6025"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information and Software Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091242009","display_name":"Terry R. Adler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9854-0560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799950915","display_name":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","ror":"https://ror.org/0097e1k27","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Terry R. Adler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Graduate Acquisition Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433-7765, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Graduate Acquisition Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433-7765, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410","https://openalex.org/I2799950915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013336814","display_name":"John G. Leonard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799950915","display_name":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","ror":"https://ror.org/0097e1k27","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John G. Leonard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Graduate Acquisition Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433-7765, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Graduate Acquisition Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433-7765, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410","https://openalex.org/I2799950915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058716429","display_name":"Ric K. Nordgren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799950915","display_name":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","ror":"https://ror.org/0097e1k27","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ric K. Nordgren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Graduate Acquisition Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433-7765, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Graduate Acquisition Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433-7765, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410","https://openalex.org/I2799950915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091242009"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799950915","https://openalex.org/I55061410"],"apc_list":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7324,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89512456,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"1","first_page":"29","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.6800217628479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-management","display_name":"Risk management","score":0.6463396549224854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45340201258659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/it-risk-management","display_name":"IT risk management","score":0.42643052339553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.41868484020233154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.3890472948551178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3379800319671631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.3359871506690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.33303067088127136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.17895323038101196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.14348113536834717}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.6800217628479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.6463396549224854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45340201258659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95609273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5975208","display_name":"IT risk management","level":3,"score":0.42643052339553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.41868484020233154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3890472948551178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3379800319671631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3359871506690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.33303067088127136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.17895323038101196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.14348113536834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0950-5849(98)00095-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0950-5849(98)00095-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S205010575","display_name":"Information and Software Technology","issn_l":"0950-5849","issn":["0950-5849","1873-6025"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information and Software Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W625436548","https://openalex.org/W1544828887","https://openalex.org/W1581608583","https://openalex.org/W1590667944","https://openalex.org/W1972978463","https://openalex.org/W1989548415","https://openalex.org/W2035813450","https://openalex.org/W2043601649","https://openalex.org/W2050275004","https://openalex.org/W2057940556","https://openalex.org/W2134062730","https://openalex.org/W2152458990","https://openalex.org/W2156167132","https://openalex.org/W2332580039","https://openalex.org/W2334962475","https://openalex.org/W2614188817","https://openalex.org/W2798390399","https://openalex.org/W6601176438","https://openalex.org/W6605095526","https://openalex.org/W6637454398"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3022112334","https://openalex.org/W3041075136","https://openalex.org/W2948231267","https://openalex.org/W564931784","https://openalex.org/W4295950513","https://openalex.org/W3006961029","https://openalex.org/W2483482908","https://openalex.org/W1941743136","https://openalex.org/W2285205992","https://openalex.org/W2153011985"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}