{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2078892750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0933-3657(99)00050-0","title":"The learning classifier system: an evolutionary computation approach to knowledge discovery in epidemiologic surveillance","display_name":"The learning classifier system: an evolutionary computation approach to knowledge discovery in epidemiologic surveillance","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2078892750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0933-3657(99)00050-0","mag":"2078892750","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10767616"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0933-3657(99)00050-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0933-3657(99)00050-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42468263","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","issn_l":"0933-3657","issn":["0933-3657","1873-2860"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0933-3657(99)00050-0","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032708536","display_name":"John H. Holmes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2167-3602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John H Holmes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 106 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, USA. jholmes@cceb.med.upenn.edu","Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 106 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 106 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, USA. jholmes@cceb.med.upenn.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 106 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065824546","display_name":"Dennis R. Durbin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2849-1545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis R Durbin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 711 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 711 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046182165","display_name":"Flaura K. Winston","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6632-1403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335321130","display_name":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia","ror":"https://ror.org/01z7r7q48","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Flaura K Winston","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, 706 Abramson Building, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, 706 Abramson Building, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032708536"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":{"value":3230,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3230},"apc_paid":{"value":3230,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3230},"fwci":5.1263,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95398164,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"53","last_page":"74"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10621","display_name":"Gene Regulatory Network Analysis","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11663","display_name":"Viral Infectious Diseases and Gene Expression in Insects","score":0.972000002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"Logistic regression","score":0.749946117401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.7261336445808411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.671186089515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6285269856452942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6230875253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-extraction","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","score":0.5587965846061707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-classifier-system","display_name":"Learning classifier system","score":0.5323486924171448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.36845940351486206}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.749946117401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.7261336445808411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.671186089515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6285269856452942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6230875253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120567893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1582085","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","level":2,"score":0.5587965846061707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199190896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3509276","display_name":"Learning classifier system","level":3,"score":0.5323486924171448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.36845940351486206}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002965","descriptor_name":"Classification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002965","descriptor_name":"Classification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002965","descriptor_name":"Classification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004812","descriptor_name":"Epidemiologic Methods","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004812","descriptor_name":"Epidemiologic Methods","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004812","descriptor_name":"Epidemiologic Methods","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011153","descriptor_name":"Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011153","descriptor_name":"Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011153","descriptor_name":"Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015370","descriptor_name":"Infant Equipment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015370","descriptor_name":"Infant Equipment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015370","descriptor_name":"Infant Equipment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0933-3657(99)00050-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0933-3657(99)00050-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42468263","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","issn_l":"0933-3657","issn":["0933-3657","1873-2860"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10767616","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10767616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial intelligence in medicine","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0933-3657(99)00050-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0933-3657(99)00050-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42468263","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","issn_l":"0933-3657","issn":["0933-3657","1873-2860"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6851394","https://openalex.org/W24075960","https://openalex.org/W32805393","https://openalex.org/W84725749","https://openalex.org/W101726259","https://openalex.org/W190718632","https://openalex.org/W215792497","https://openalex.org/W1492016233","https://openalex.org/W1497256448","https://openalex.org/W1511493290","https://openalex.org/W1542400614","https://openalex.org/W1554701668","https://openalex.org/W1555244713","https://openalex.org/W1574484625","https://openalex.org/W1596324102","https://openalex.org/W1659842140","https://openalex.org/W1887563112","https://openalex.org/W1965903866","https://openalex.org/W1989101984","https://openalex.org/W1995663008","https://openalex.org/W1999128321","https://openalex.org/W1999846231","https://openalex.org/W2018642704","https://openalex.org/W2031875942","https://openalex.org/W2077726369","https://openalex.org/W2098645324","https://openalex.org/W2121477158","https://openalex.org/W2125055259","https://openalex.org/W2142183404","https://openalex.org/W2157825442","https://openalex.org/W2171278289","https://openalex.org/W2321551612","https://openalex.org/W2913091258","https://openalex.org/W3022593335","https://openalex.org/W3023540311","https://openalex.org/W3040917481","https://openalex.org/W3215907522","https://openalex.org/W4206665516","https://openalex.org/W4212843088","https://openalex.org/W4243962542","https://openalex.org/W6600277244","https://openalex.org/W6600958717","https://openalex.org/W6601597088","https://openalex.org/W6607707842","https://openalex.org/W6608688896","https://openalex.org/W6634286875","https://openalex.org/W6639709020","https://openalex.org/W6660687657","https://openalex.org/W6675012728"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966456942","https://openalex.org/W2754028433","https://openalex.org/W3148138296","https://openalex.org/W1882507001","https://openalex.org/W2367922714","https://openalex.org/W2352650970","https://openalex.org/W2534140487","https://openalex.org/W4383501708","https://openalex.org/W2041126907","https://openalex.org/W2130711276"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,81],"learning":[1,11],"classifier":[2],"system":[3,8],"(LCS)":[4],"integrates":[5],"a":[6,28,40],"rule-based":[7],"with":[9,51],"reinforcement":[10],"and":[12,24,54,73],"genetic":[13],"algorithm-based":[14],"rule":[15],"discovery.":[16],"This":[17],"investigation":[18],"reports":[19],"on":[20],"the":[21],"design,":[22],"implementation,":[23],"evaluation":[25],"of":[26,77,106,112],"EpiCS,":[27],"LCS":[29],"adapted":[30],"for":[31],"knowledge":[32],"discovery":[33],"in":[34,101],"epidemiologic":[35],"surveillance.":[36],"Using":[37],"data":[38,65],"from":[39,64],"large,":[41],"national":[42],"child":[43],"automobile":[44],"passenger":[45],"protection":[46],"program,":[47],"EpiCS":[48,85,113,120],"was":[49,108],"compared":[50],"C4.":[52],"5":[53],"logistic":[55,129],"regression":[56,130],"to":[57,61,70,74,99,110],"evaluate":[58],"its":[59],"ability":[60],"induce":[62],"rules":[63,82],"that":[66,111],"could":[67],"be":[68],"used":[69],"classify":[71],"cases":[72],"derive":[75],"estimates":[76,117],"outcome":[78],"risk,":[79],"respectively.":[80],"induced":[83,91],"by":[84,92,119,128],"were":[86,95,121],"less":[87],"parsimonious":[88],"than":[89,125],"those":[90,126],"C4.5,":[93],"but":[94],"potentially":[96],"more":[97,123],"useful":[98],"investigators":[100],"hypothesis":[102],"generation.":[103],"Classification":[104],"performance":[105],"C4.5":[107],"superior":[109],"(P<0.05).":[114,131],"However,":[115],"risk":[116],"derived":[118,127],"significantly":[122],"accurate":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}