{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2118515061","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0933-3657(97)00054-7","title":"AI in medical education\u2014another grand challenge for medical informatics","display_name":"AI in medical education\u2014another grand challenge for medical informatics","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2118515061","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0933-3657(97)00054-7","mag":"2118515061","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9626957"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0933-3657(97)00054-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0933-3657(97)00054-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42468263","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","issn_l":"0933-3657","issn":["0933-3657","1873-2860"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/qz20sx746","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090710578","display_name":"Svein-Ivar Lillehaug","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Svein-Ivar Lillehaug","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Informatics and Computer Science, University of Link\u00f6ping, Sweden. svili@ida.liu.se","Departments of Medical Informatics and Computer Science, University of Link\u00f6ping, S-581 83, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Informatics and Computer Science, University of Link\u00f6ping, Sweden. svili@ida.liu.se","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Medical Informatics and Computer Science, University of Link\u00f6ping, S-581 83, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079114117","display_name":"Susanne P. Lajoie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2814-3962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susanne P Lajoie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, 3700 McTavish St., Montreal, Que., H3A 1Y2, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, 3700 McTavish St., Montreal, Que., H3A 1Y2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090710578"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"],"apc_list":{"value":3230,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3230},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":32.6667,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":82,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":1.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"3","first_page":"197","last_page":"225"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.6028961539268494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.5373289585113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empowerment","display_name":"Empowerment","score":0.5338310599327087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4933539927005768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.49122947454452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.4581422507762909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41940411925315857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.41588008403778076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"Medical education","score":0.33681827783584595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.23099786043167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.10004556179046631}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.6028961539268494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.5373289585113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20555606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868575","display_name":"Empowerment","level":2,"score":0.5338310599327087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4933539927005768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.49122947454452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4581422507762909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41940411925315857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.41588008403778076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.33681827783584595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23099786043167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10004556179046631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003657","descriptor_name":"Decision Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003657","descriptor_name":"Decision Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003657","descriptor_name":"Decision Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004501","descriptor_name":"Education, Medical","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004501","descriptor_name":"Education, Medical","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004501","descriptor_name":"Education, Medical","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006282","descriptor_name":"Health Personnel","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006282","descriptor_name":"Health Personnel","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006282","descriptor_name":"Health Personnel","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011361","descriptor_name":"Professional Competence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011361","descriptor_name":"Professional Competence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011361","descriptor_name":"Professional Competence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0933-3657(97)00054-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0933-3657(97)00054-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42468263","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","issn_l":"0933-3657","issn":["0933-3657","1873-2860"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9626957","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9626957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial intelligence in medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.mcgill.ca:ht24wp13m","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/articles/ht24wp13m","pdf_url":"http://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/qz20sx746","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401568","display_name":"eScholarship@McGill (McGill)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","host_organization_name":"McGill University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0933365797000547?via%3Dihub","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitool.library.mcgill.ca:149124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=149124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401568","display_name":"eScholarship@McGill (McGill)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","host_organization_name":"McGill University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0933365797000547?via%3Dihub","raw_type":"PostPrint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.mcgill.ca:ht24wp13m","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/articles/ht24wp13m","pdf_url":"http://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/qz20sx746","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401568","display_name":"eScholarship@McGill (McGill)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","host_organization_name":"McGill University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0933365797000547?via%3Dihub","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2118515061.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2118515061.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":116,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6548054","https://openalex.org/W7205189","https://openalex.org/W12414354","https://openalex.org/W19828709","https://openalex.org/W41374949","https://openalex.org/W88070676","https://openalex.org/W109525999","https://openalex.org/W114468524","https://openalex.org/W128963101","https://openalex.org/W138464449","https://openalex.org/W141573529","https://openalex.org/W220024702","https://openalex.org/W603800147","https://openalex.org/W619848072","https://openalex.org/W621341096","https://openalex.org/W1193538040","https://openalex.org/W1484595744","https://openalex.org/W1485421296","https://openalex.org/W1517572415","https://openalex.org/W1523238499","https://openalex.org/W1525490813","https://openalex.org/W1525693878","https://openalex.org/W1543210409","https://openalex.org/W1550023616","https://openalex.org/W1553134195","https://openalex.org/W1556057683","https://openalex.org/W1567021666","https://openalex.org/W1567980008","https://openalex.org/W1572334035","https://openalex.org/W1573817600","https://openalex.org/W1580749063","https://openalex.org/W1587891348","https://openalex.org/W1588530666","https://openalex.org/W1591324789","https://openalex.org/W1593414871","https://openalex.org/W1708874574","https://openalex.org/W1752512628","https://openalex.org/W1782606799","https://openalex.org/W1873531959","https://openalex.org/W1932755773","https://openalex.org/W1950644452","https://openalex.org/W1966437043","https://openalex.org/W1968833464","https://openalex.org/W1969150113","https://openalex.org/W1969612527","https://openalex.org/W1970091367","https://openalex.org/W1970519413","https://openalex.org/W1972888601","https://openalex.org/W1973783480","https://openalex.org/W1980909828","https://openalex.org/W1980964423","https://openalex.org/W1983302107","https://openalex.org/W1984390926","https://openalex.org/W1995966145","https://openalex.org/W2002697334","https://openalex.org/W2007344898","https://openalex.org/W2008511068","https://openalex.org/W2013137399","https://openalex.org/W2013143914","https://openalex.org/W2019408354","https://openalex.org/W2021197110","https://openalex.org/W2023361253","https://openalex.org/W2023746944","https://openalex.org/W2024079073","https://openalex.org/W2038401783","https://openalex.org/W2039678310","https://openalex.org/W2039960396","https://openalex.org/W2042623444","https://openalex.org/W2046867985","https://openalex.org/W2059027982","https://openalex.org/W2065471515","https://openalex.org/W2071466255","https://openalex.org/W2075028344","https://openalex.org/W2081347667","https://openalex.org/W2085430641","https://openalex.org/W2091537801","https://openalex.org/W2094358701","https://openalex.org/W2110293626","https://openalex.org/W2118408641","https://openalex.org/W2130128926","https://openalex.org/W2134049139","https://openalex.org/W2136208491","https://openalex.org/W2149118344","https://openalex.org/W2164599981","https://openalex.org/W2165622246","https://openalex.org/W2289993269","https://openalex.org/W2314991548","https://openalex.org/W2321233109","https://openalex.org/W2333814351","https://openalex.org/W2411902296","https://openalex.org/W2434280805","https://openalex.org/W2549755291","https://openalex.org/W2573894086","https://openalex.org/W2798806259","https://openalex.org/W2900682095","https://openalex.org/W2904087465","https://openalex.org/W2917563394","https://openalex.org/W2992040737","https://openalex.org/W4247939413","https://openalex.org/W4292808503","https://openalex.org/W4301005952","https://openalex.org/W6604406274","https://openalex.org/W6605286709","https://openalex.org/W6629141437","https://openalex.org/W6631284060","https://openalex.org/W6631505630","https://openalex.org/W6633386562","https://openalex.org/W6634405509","https://openalex.org/W6635427521","https://openalex.org/W6679636665","https://openalex.org/W6718384928","https://openalex.org/W6750613464","https://openalex.org/W7036187252","https://openalex.org/W7052834434","https://openalex.org/W7064157599","https://openalex.org/W7074240596"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027796699","https://openalex.org/W3121223325","https://openalex.org/W4372061385","https://openalex.org/W4205364320","https://openalex.org/W3145001474","https://openalex.org/W3208202043","https://openalex.org/W2955248790","https://openalex.org/W2943168222","https://openalex.org/W4301457856","https://openalex.org/W4248290398"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
