{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1982029046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0893-6080(97)00097-x","title":"Universal Approximation Using Feedforward Neural Networks: A Survey of Some Existing Methods, and Some New Results","display_name":"Universal Approximation Using Feedforward Neural Networks: A Survey of Some Existing Methods, and Some New Results","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1982029046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0893-6080(97)00097-x","mag":"1982029046","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12662846"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0893-6080(97)00097-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0893-6080(97)00097-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123019304","display_name":"Neural Networks","issn_l":"0893-6080","issn":["0893-6080","1879-2782"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020560480","display_name":"Franco Scarselli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1307-0772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139705","display_name":"Ingegneria dei Sistemi (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/03spsm219","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139705"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Franco Scarselli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Sistemi e Informatica, Universit\u00e0 di Firenze Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Sistemi e Informatica, Universit\u00e0 di Firenze Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139705","https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077581403","display_name":"Ah Chung Tsoi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2904-7008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ah Chung Tsoi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Informatics, University of Wollongong, Australia","[Faculty of Informatics, University of Wollongong, Australia]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics, University of Wollongong, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Faculty of Informatics, University of Wollongong, Australia]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020560480"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139705","https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"apc_list":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.6018,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":582,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99266081,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"15","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11206","display_name":"Model Reduction and Neural Networks","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedforward-neural-network","display_name":"Feedforward neural network","score":0.7981595993041992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-forward","display_name":"Feed forward","score":0.7744369506835938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.7712923288345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7157182693481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maxima-and-minima","display_name":"Maxima and minima","score":0.6920912861824036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4822179079055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-neural-network","display_name":"Stochastic neural network","score":0.473086416721344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-neural-network","display_name":"Probabilistic neural network","score":0.4720880687236786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sigmoid-function","display_name":"Sigmoid function","score":0.4631452262401581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emphasis","display_name":"Emphasis (telecommunications)","score":0.4528908431529999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-delay-neural-network","display_name":"Time delay neural network","score":0.4362605810165405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/types-of-artificial-neural-networks","display_name":"Types of artificial neural networks","score":0.4310859441757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4027150571346283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3500556945800781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20478710532188416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.07925409078598022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47702885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441227","display_name":"Feedforward neural network","level":3,"score":0.7981595993041992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38858127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441228","display_name":"Feed forward","level":2,"score":0.7744369506835938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.7712923288345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7157182693481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186633575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845060","display_name":"Maxima and minima","level":2,"score":0.6920912861824036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4822179079055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86582703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617824","display_name":"Stochastic neural network","level":4,"score":0.473086416721344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134342201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246859","display_name":"Probabilistic neural network","level":4,"score":0.4720880687236786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81388566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q526668","display_name":"Sigmoid function","level":3,"score":0.4631452262401581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177454536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578290","display_name":"Emphasis (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4528908431529999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175202392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434543","display_name":"Time delay neural network","level":3,"score":0.4362605810165405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177973122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7860946","display_name":"Types of artificial neural networks","level":4,"score":0.4310859441757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4027150571346283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3500556945800781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20478710532188416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.07925409078598022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0893-6080(97)00097-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0893-6080(97)00097-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123019304","display_name":"Neural Networks","issn_l":"0893-6080","issn":["0893-6080","1879-2782"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12662846","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12662846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:usiena-air.unisi.it:11365/24896","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11365/24896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196319","display_name":"Use Siena air (University of Siena)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I102064193","host_organization_name":"University of Siena","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977941534","https://openalex.org/W1978020775","https://openalex.org/W1983776716","https://openalex.org/W1984367183","https://openalex.org/W1987031282","https://openalex.org/W1987980016","https://openalex.org/W1988115241","https://openalex.org/W1988358579","https://openalex.org/W1993740947","https://openalex.org/W2000210554","https://openalex.org/W2009323003","https://openalex.org/W2033137841","https://openalex.org/W2043005456","https://openalex.org/W2046901050","https://openalex.org/W2047161049","https://openalex.org/W2051968241","https://openalex.org/W2066397776","https://openalex.org/W2075407161","https://openalex.org/W2077695810","https://openalex.org/W2103496339","https://openalex.org/W2113442785","https://openalex.org/W2116424792","https://openalex.org/W2116594222","https://openalex.org/W2120062331","https://openalex.org/W2137587686","https://openalex.org/W2151029520","https://openalex.org/W2166116275","https://openalex.org/W3125537303","https://openalex.org/W4234912095","https://openalex.org/W4243394050","https://openalex.org/W6677452797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1595652908","https://openalex.org/W2089093251","https://openalex.org/W2950022897","https://openalex.org/W2378845890","https://openalex.org/W2408618716","https://openalex.org/W651238688","https://openalex.org/W2950917560","https://openalex.org/W2100563590","https://openalex.org/W4383737268","https://openalex.org/W2106454945"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
