{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2016812413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0893-6080(03)00168-0","title":"Solving the XOR problem and the detection of symmetry using a single complex-valued neuron","display_name":"Solving the XOR problem and the detection of symmetry using a single complex-valued neuron","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2016812413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0893-6080(03)00168-0","mag":"2016812413","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13678617"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0893-6080(03)00168-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0893-6080(03)00168-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123019304","display_name":"Neural Networks","issn_l":"0893-6080","issn":["0893-6080","1879-2782"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008618142","display_name":"Tohru Nitta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9628-7920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73613424","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tohru Nitta","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono Tsukuba-shi, 305-8568 Ibaraki, Japan. tohru-nitta@aist.go.jp","National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono Tsukuba-shi, 305-8568 Ibaraki, Japan. tohru-nitta@aist.go.jp","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008618142"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"],"apc_list":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4153,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":233,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84814651,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"8","first_page":"1101","last_page":"1105"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6530452370643616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6400812864303589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5556775331497192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equalization","display_name":"Equalization (audio)","score":0.5446743965148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symmetry","display_name":"Symmetry (geometry)","score":0.47399866580963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuron","display_name":"Neuron","score":0.44749826192855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4393627643585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-neuron-model","display_name":"Biological neuron model","score":0.4321771264076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-system","display_name":"Complex system","score":0.4137246608734131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.41176050901412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3764805197715759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3732382655143738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34519991278648376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.12964442372322083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.08064469695091248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.0711265504360199}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6530452370643616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6400812864303589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5556775331497192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75755367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104531076","display_name":"Equalization (audio)","level":3,"score":0.5446743965148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779886137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21030012","display_name":"Symmetry (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.47399866580963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778794669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43054","display_name":"Neuron","level":2,"score":0.44749826192855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4393627643585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186565885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1651163","display_name":"Biological neuron model","level":3,"score":0.4321771264076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.4137246608734131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.41176050901412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3764805197715759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3732382655143738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34519991278648376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.12964442372322083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.08064469695091248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0711265504360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0893-6080(03)00168-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0893-6080(03)00168-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123019304","display_name":"Neural Networks","issn_l":"0893-6080","issn":["0893-6080","1879-2782"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:13678617","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13678617","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W99912631","https://openalex.org/W136248043","https://openalex.org/W1527166072","https://openalex.org/W1576577473","https://openalex.org/W1578621147","https://openalex.org/W1974778413","https://openalex.org/W1993489498","https://openalex.org/W2034149221","https://openalex.org/W2042264548","https://openalex.org/W2048446345","https://openalex.org/W2051137709","https://openalex.org/W2063176308","https://openalex.org/W2101927907","https://openalex.org/W2134563598","https://openalex.org/W2135858797","https://openalex.org/W2169571074","https://openalex.org/W3061838566","https://openalex.org/W3207342693","https://openalex.org/W6661021596","https://openalex.org/W6781818862"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2109083503","https://openalex.org/W2532935424","https://openalex.org/W3178259930","https://openalex.org/W1769982787","https://openalex.org/W3184949856","https://openalex.org/W2320160082","https://openalex.org/W2064052579","https://openalex.org/W3035839890","https://openalex.org/W4281997648","https://openalex.org/W3099906890"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
