{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2051647420","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0890-5401(02)00030-5","title":"Learning from examples with unspecified attribute values","display_name":"Learning from examples with unspecified attribute values","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2051647420","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0890-5401(02)00030-5","mag":"2051647420"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0890-5401(02)00030-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0890-5401(02)00030-5","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890540102000305/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59933527","display_name":"Information and Computation","issn_l":"0890-5401","issn":["0890-5401","1090-2651"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information and Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890540102000305/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103351832","display_name":"Sally A. Goldman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sally A. Goldman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA","Department of Computer Science, Washington University St. Louis, MO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Washington University St. Louis, MO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112823142","display_name":"Stephen Kwek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen S. Kwek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Computer Science, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249-0619, USA","Division of Computer Science, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computer Science, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249-0619, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computer Science, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002697978","display_name":"Stephen Scott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5227-6875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen D. Scott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0115, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103351832"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"apc_list":{"value":2630,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2630},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6579,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87797954,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"180","issue":"2","first_page":"82","last_page":"100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.8773794174194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterexample","display_name":"Counterexample","score":0.737463653087616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.632257342338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5272639989852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logarithm","display_name":"Logarithm","score":0.4850115478038788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.474046915769577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.44254687428474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.43469518423080444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36484628915786743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.36329495906829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.3315459191799164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.8773794174194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162838799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596077","display_name":"Counterexample","level":2,"score":0.737463653087616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.632257342338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5272639989852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39927690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11197","display_name":"Logarithm","level":2,"score":0.4850115478038788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.474046915769577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44254687428474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.43469518423080444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36484628915786743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.36329495906829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3315459191799164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0890-5401(02)00030-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0890-5401(02)00030-5","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890540102000305/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59933527","display_name":"Information and Computation","issn_l":"0890-5401","issn":["0890-5401","1090-2651"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information and Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.16.2748","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.16.2748","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~sg/wucs-98-28.ps.Z","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openscholarship.wustl.edu:cse_research-1476","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cse_research/476","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196400","display_name":"Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","host_organization_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"All Computer Science and Engineering Research","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.7936/k7z31wwr","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7936/k7z31wwr","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053377","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis Libraries","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0890-5401(02)00030-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0890-5401(02)00030-5","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890540102000305/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59933527","display_name":"Information and Computation","issn_l":"0890-5401","issn":["0890-5401","1090-2651"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information and Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8365895594","display_name":"NSF Young Investigator:  New Directions in Computational    Learning Theory","funder_award_id":"9357707","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310094","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310174","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2051647420.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2051647420.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W165444905","https://openalex.org/W1494434836","https://openalex.org/W1507592586","https://openalex.org/W1534707631","https://openalex.org/W1537458137","https://openalex.org/W1573301477","https://openalex.org/W1584887677","https://openalex.org/W1593499398","https://openalex.org/W1594031697","https://openalex.org/W1969880832","https://openalex.org/W1973717204","https://openalex.org/W1999647826","https://openalex.org/W2004162112","https://openalex.org/W2006562579","https://openalex.org/W2010549883","https://openalex.org/W2014064621","https://openalex.org/W2019363670","https://openalex.org/W2029538739","https://openalex.org/W2030224590","https://openalex.org/W2040282646","https://openalex.org/W2050087313","https://openalex.org/W2061155659","https://openalex.org/W2063582576","https://openalex.org/W2069652878","https://openalex.org/W2071210909","https://openalex.org/W2076775546","https://openalex.org/W2085542415","https://openalex.org/W2129192653","https://openalex.org/W2139709458","https://openalex.org/W2145365639","https://openalex.org/W2160163251","https://openalex.org/W2912483566","https://openalex.org/W2913340405","https://openalex.org/W2913668833","https://openalex.org/W2914672056","https://openalex.org/W3085162807","https://openalex.org/W4229708126","https://openalex.org/W4231598316","https://openalex.org/W4238284510","https://openalex.org/W4238893454","https://openalex.org/W4251928794","https://openalex.org/W4252861488","https://openalex.org/W6629477314","https://openalex.org/W6630292209","https://openalex.org/W6632014484","https://openalex.org/W6635562522","https://openalex.org/W6650045434","https://openalex.org/W6663171252","https://openalex.org/W6669510107","https://openalex.org/W6671999314","https://openalex.org/W6681579821"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2349952486","https://openalex.org/W1489260687","https://openalex.org/W3204670144","https://openalex.org/W2163101548","https://openalex.org/W1988934358","https://openalex.org/W2587222766","https://openalex.org/W4389574038","https://openalex.org/W4387718369","https://openalex.org/W3014450817","https://openalex.org/W1547366466"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}