{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2076222873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0885-2308(02)00047-5","title":"Language modelling for Russian and English using words and classes","display_name":"Language modelling for Russian and English using words and classes","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2076222873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0885-2308(02)00047-5","mag":"2076222873"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0885-2308(02)00047-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0885-2308(02)00047-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91252481","display_name":"Computer Speech & Language","issn_l":"0885-2308","issn":["0885-2308","1095-8363"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Speech &amp; Language","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108370825","display_name":"E. W. D. Whittaker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"E.W.D Whittaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK","Cambridge University Engineering Dept., Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge University Engineering Dept., Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002191410","display_name":"Philip C. Woodland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9069-0225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P.C Woodland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK","Cambridge University Engineering Dept., Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge University Engineering Dept., Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108370825"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4153,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85164673,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"87","last_page":"104"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9700999855995178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perplexity","display_name":"Perplexity","score":0.9324374198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8677641749382019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.7396540641784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.7295045256614685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trigram","display_name":"Trigram","score":0.7229413390159607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6663053035736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6070441007614136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5948107838630676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-gram","display_name":"n-gram","score":0.581480860710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/part-of-speech","display_name":"Part of speech","score":0.48532646894454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4771672785282135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4646244943141937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.44874709844589233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.43099987506866455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/british-national-corpus","display_name":"British National Corpus","score":0.4187723696231842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3906744718551636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3360711932182312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100279451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372193","display_name":"Perplexity","level":3,"score":0.9324374198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8677641749382019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.7396540641784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.7295045256614685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137546455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3213474","display_name":"Trigram","level":2,"score":0.7229413390159607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6663053035736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6070441007614136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5948107838630676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117884012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94489","display_name":"n-gram","level":3,"score":0.581480860710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123406163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82042","display_name":"Part of speech","level":2,"score":0.48532646894454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4771672785282135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4646244943141937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.44874709844589233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.43099987506866455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776725116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236935","display_name":"British National Corpus","level":2,"score":0.4187723696231842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3906744718551636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3360711932182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0885-2308(02)00047-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0885-2308(02)00047-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91252481","display_name":"Computer Speech & Language","issn_l":"0885-2308","issn":["0885-2308","1095-8363"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Speech &amp; Language","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553794926","https://openalex.org/W2054804336","https://openalex.org/W2075201173","https://openalex.org/W2080018251","https://openalex.org/W2122028591","https://openalex.org/W2134237567","https://openalex.org/W3017143921","https://openalex.org/W6633143922","https://openalex.org/W6677710929"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053242504","https://openalex.org/W1903115690","https://openalex.org/W1495755158","https://openalex.org/W2041167939","https://openalex.org/W2106459246","https://openalex.org/W2020757772","https://openalex.org/W2223833155","https://openalex.org/W2166671015","https://openalex.org/W2105076537","https://openalex.org/W1577263324"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
