{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1996636395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1315(98)00042-6","title":"Performing automatic exams","display_name":"Performing automatic exams","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1996636395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1315(98)00042-6","mag":"1996636395"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0360-1315(98)00042-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1315(98)00042-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172634","display_name":"Computers & Education","issn_l":"0360-1315","issn":["0360-1315","1873-782X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers &amp; Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110935499","display_name":"G. Frosini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Frosini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria della Informazione: Elettronica, Informatica, Telecomunicazioni, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria della Informazione: Elettronica, Informatica, Telecomunicazioni, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040911847","display_name":"Beatrice Lazzerini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5086-4734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"B. Lazzerini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria della Informazione: Elettronica, Informatica, Telecomunicazioni, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria della Informazione: Elettronica, Informatica, Telecomunicazioni, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057031606","display_name":"Francesco Marcelloni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5895-876X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Marcelloni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria della Informazione: Elettronica, Informatica, Telecomunicazioni, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria della Informazione: Elettronica, Informatica, Telecomunicazioni, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040911847"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"apc_list":{"value":4220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4220},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23379924,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"3","first_page":"281","last_page":"300"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7902263402938843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.7134670615196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.6485207080841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5672756433486938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.48499104380607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.4571651220321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3281986117362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.314214289188385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11810141801834106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.08177900314331055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7902263402938843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.7134670615196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.6485207080841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5672756433486938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.48499104380607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.4571651220321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3281986117362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.314214289188385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11810141801834106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.08177900314331055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0360-1315(98)00042-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1315(98)00042-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172634","display_name":"Computers & Education","issn_l":"0360-1315","issn":["0360-1315","1873-782X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers &amp; Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/201701","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11568/201701","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1809844233","https://openalex.org/W1964962870","https://openalex.org/W1973423365","https://openalex.org/W2004260052","https://openalex.org/W2019284588","https://openalex.org/W2019442622","https://openalex.org/W2025168766","https://openalex.org/W2034825773","https://openalex.org/W2038015549","https://openalex.org/W2041255336","https://openalex.org/W2041280856","https://openalex.org/W2064490965","https://openalex.org/W2073410276","https://openalex.org/W2081298627","https://openalex.org/W2089377173","https://openalex.org/W2129115228","https://openalex.org/W2142526507","https://openalex.org/W2167325442","https://openalex.org/W2512675983","https://openalex.org/W4298860524","https://openalex.org/W7058235192"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2997512100","https://openalex.org/W2331043530","https://openalex.org/W2393933887","https://openalex.org/W2374725260","https://openalex.org/W1607315280","https://openalex.org/W4386140649","https://openalex.org/W2383403914","https://openalex.org/W2357241418","https://openalex.org/W1596397513","https://openalex.org/W2086064646"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
