{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1967212665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3975(00)00028-1","title":"Costs of general purpose learning","display_name":"Costs of general purpose learning","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1967212665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3975(00)00028-1","mag":"1967212665"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0304-3975(00)00028-1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3975(00)00028-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90727058","display_name":"Theoretical Computer Science","issn_l":"0304-3975","issn":["0304-3975","1879-2294"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theoretical Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111850796","display_name":"John Case","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Case","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Delaware, Newark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Delaware, Newark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054205452","display_name":"Keh-Jiann Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84653119","display_name":"Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/05bxb3784","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keh-Jiann Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academica Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101627589","display_name":"Sanjay Jain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6798-8330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjay Jain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nat. Univ. of Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nat. Univ. of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2600},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5848,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78653698,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"259","issue":"1-2","first_page":"455","last_page":"473"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4760344326496124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3767395615577698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3646695017814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calculus","display_name":"Calculus (dental)","score":0.3604237735271454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3312278985977173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3277800977230072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.13957449793815613}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4760344326496124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3767395615577698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3646695017814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777686260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q144037","display_name":"Calculus (dental)","level":2,"score":0.3604237735271454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3312278985977173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3277800977230072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.13957449793815613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0304-3975(00)00028-1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3975(00)00028-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90727058","display_name":"Theoretical Computer Science","issn_l":"0304-3975","issn":["0304-3975","1879-2294"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theoretical Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarbank.nus.edu.sg:10635/39391","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/39391","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052290","display_name":"National University of Singapore","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scopus","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W70537844","https://openalex.org/W144493946","https://openalex.org/W166170480","https://openalex.org/W221572103","https://openalex.org/W234856483","https://openalex.org/W1498102178","https://openalex.org/W1565693361","https://openalex.org/W1632759684","https://openalex.org/W1963780006","https://openalex.org/W1969005071","https://openalex.org/W1993931385","https://openalex.org/W1995536457","https://openalex.org/W1999116843","https://openalex.org/W2018722248","https://openalex.org/W2022959407","https://openalex.org/W2041249678","https://openalex.org/W2089442854","https://openalex.org/W2117832390","https://openalex.org/W2530006810","https://openalex.org/W2724372079","https://openalex.org/W3130801722","https://openalex.org/W6608775193"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979597421","https://openalex.org/W2007980826","https://openalex.org/W4245490552","https://openalex.org/W4225152035","https://openalex.org/W2061531152","https://openalex.org/W3002753104","https://openalex.org/W2077600819","https://openalex.org/W1587224694","https://openalex.org/W2911598644","https://openalex.org/W3192589309"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
