{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1975673958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9473(02)00060-9","title":"Numerical linear algebra in the integrity theory of the Global Positioning System","display_name":"Numerical linear algebra in the integrity theory of the Global Positioning System","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1975673958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9473(02)00060-9","mag":"1975673958"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0167-9473(02)00060-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9473(02)00060-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132362803","display_name":"Computational Statistics & Data Analysis","issn_l":"0167-9473","issn":["0167-9473","1872-7352"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Statistics &amp; Data Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062087251","display_name":"Xiao-Wen Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9251-2959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiao-Wen Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["*School of Computer Science, McGill University 3480 University Street Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2A7 ,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"*School of Computer Science, McGill University 3480 University Street Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2A7 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059509454","display_name":"Christopher C. Paige","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0844-0276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher C. Paige","raw_affiliation_strings":["*School of Computer Science, McGill University 3480 University Street Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2A7 ,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"*School of Computer Science, McGill University 3480 University Street Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2A7 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062087251"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"],"apc_list":{"value":3340,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3340},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5176,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69278628,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"1","first_page":"123","last_page":"142"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11890","display_name":"Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11890","display_name":"Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9520000219345093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.6429573893547058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6201142072677612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagonal","display_name":"Diagonal","score":0.6003469228744507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-algebra","display_name":"Linear algebra","score":0.5092743635177612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.4971907436847687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4759340286254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.45140939950942993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthographic-projection","display_name":"Orthographic projection","score":0.4461193084716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.42053964734077454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4164807200431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3941602110862732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algebra-over-a-field","display_name":"Algebra over a field","score":0.3718997538089752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.36581769585609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3269606828689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1630251109600067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.13417506217956543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-mathematics","display_name":"Pure mathematics","score":0.10611918568611145}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.6429573893547058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6201142072677612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130367717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189791","display_name":"Diagonal","level":2,"score":0.6003469228744507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139352143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82571","display_name":"Linear algebra","level":2,"score":0.5092743635177612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4971907436847687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4759340286254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.45140939950942993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175694140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980329","display_name":"Orthographic projection","level":2,"score":0.4461193084716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.42053964734077454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4164807200431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3941602110862732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136119220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000660","display_name":"Algebra over a field","level":2,"score":0.3718997538089752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.36581769585609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3269606828689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1630251109600067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.13417506217956543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.10611918568611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0167-9473(02)00060-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9473(02)00060-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132362803","display_name":"Computational Statistics & Data Analysis","issn_l":"0167-9473","issn":["0167-9473","1872-7352"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Statistics &amp; Data Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.121.998","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.121.998","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~chris/pub/ChaP02.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.22.8381","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.22.8381","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~chang/pub/int.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.380.9694","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.380.9694","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~chang/pub/ChaP02.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:csdana:v:41:y:2002:i:1:p:123-142","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167-9473(02)00060-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2165548363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Canada","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6221715925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G788864514","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P0009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G995335973","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OGP0009236","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1827673301","https://openalex.org/W1973131250","https://openalex.org/W1984066958","https://openalex.org/W1994641974","https://openalex.org/W2064785966","https://openalex.org/W2109661844","https://openalex.org/W2110617577","https://openalex.org/W2150592294","https://openalex.org/W2162513948","https://openalex.org/W2607017737","https://openalex.org/W2798909945","https://openalex.org/W2965720098","https://openalex.org/W4241756830"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W240272210","https://openalex.org/W4239527082","https://openalex.org/W2372186565","https://openalex.org/W2379343790","https://openalex.org/W2359967926","https://openalex.org/W2355137669","https://openalex.org/W4251903213","https://openalex.org/W2127685231","https://openalex.org/W1986264582","https://openalex.org/W1999869750"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
