{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2046097159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8655(98)00021-x","title":"PaRM: A parallel relaxation machine for handwritten character recognition","display_name":"PaRM: A parallel relaxation machine for handwritten character recognition","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2046097159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8655(98)00021-x","mag":"2046097159"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0167-8655(98)00021-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8655(98)00021-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151820558","display_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","issn_l":"0167-8655","issn":["0167-8655","1872-7344"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027866181","display_name":"Koichi Wada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9271-5641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146399215","display_name":"University of Tsukuba","ror":"https://ror.org/02956yf07","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koichi Wada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Sciences and Electronics, University ofTsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Sciences and Electronics, University ofTsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009907721","display_name":"K\u014dichi Mori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8865-2107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146399215","display_name":"University of Tsukuba","ror":"https://ror.org/02956yf07","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koichi Mori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Sciences and Electronics, University ofTsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Sciences and Electronics, University ofTsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022777839","display_name":"Kazuo Toraichi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146399215","display_name":"University of Tsukuba","ror":"https://ror.org/02956yf07","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuo Toraichi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Sciences and Electronics, University ofTsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Sciences and Electronics, University ofTsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17989373,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"5-6","first_page":"475","last_page":"481"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12923","display_name":"Digital Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12923","display_name":"Digital Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9751999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.8014679551124573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.7712482213973999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6485867500305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6087326407432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5402914881706238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4363037347793579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relaxation","display_name":"Relaxation (psychology)","score":0.43265578150749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.33559471368789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.2083512544631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17835110425949097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.12817463278770447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.06332162022590637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.041777998208999634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.8014679551124573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.7712482213973999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6485867500305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6087326407432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5402914881706238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4363037347793579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776029896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3935810","display_name":"Relaxation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43265578150749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.33559471368789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.2083512544631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17835110425949097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.12817463278770447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.06332162022590637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.041777998208999634}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0167-8655(98)00021-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8655(98)00021-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151820558","display_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","issn_l":"0167-8655","issn":["0167-8655","1872-7344"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965613866","https://openalex.org/W1972797388","https://openalex.org/W1979622972","https://openalex.org/W2015493252","https://openalex.org/W2038658268","https://openalex.org/W2069546395","https://openalex.org/W2088442210","https://openalex.org/W2151490178","https://openalex.org/W2506558719"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2393609567","https://openalex.org/W2369369044","https://openalex.org/W1503216044","https://openalex.org/W2354143083","https://openalex.org/W2892704491","https://openalex.org/W2807727799","https://openalex.org/W2106936331","https://openalex.org/W1985626581","https://openalex.org/W2321008539","https://openalex.org/W2510702936"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
