{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2146621575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8655(02)00402-6","title":"A steganographic method for images by pixel-value differencing","display_name":"A steganographic method for images by pixel-value differencing","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2146621575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8655(02)00402-6","mag":"2146621575"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0167-8655(02)00402-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8655(02)00402-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151820558","display_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","issn_l":"0167-8655","issn":["0167-8655","1872-7344"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012428844","display_name":"Da-Chun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7812-3436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109289231","display_name":"National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03858r716","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109289231"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Da-Chun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan, ROC","Department of Information Management, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan, ROC#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109289231"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan, ROC#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109289231"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102160275","display_name":"Wen\u2010Hsiang Tsai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Hsiang Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan, ROC","Department of Computer & Information Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan, ROC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer & Information Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102160275"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"],"apc_list":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.719,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1142,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97863725,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"9-10","first_page":"1613","last_page":"1626"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.8088333606719971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.7683672904968262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.5839581489562988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5462751388549805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.517927348613739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5168302655220032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/least-significant-bit","display_name":"Least significant bit","score":0.4970455467700958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.49686864018440247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4746330976486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-hiding","display_name":"Information hiding","score":0.46751147508621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4550817906856537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothness","display_name":"Smoothness","score":0.4437426030635834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4330371618270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.42723873257637024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4192478358745575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3445659875869751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.14550277590751648}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.8088333606719971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7683672904968262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5839581489562988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5462751388549805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.517927348613739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5168302655220032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4305246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3885225","display_name":"Least significant bit","level":2,"score":0.4970455467700958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.49686864018440247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4746330976486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.46751147508621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4550817906856537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102634674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868473","display_name":"Smoothness","level":2,"score":0.4437426030635834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4330371618270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.42723873257637024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4192478358745575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3445659875869751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.14550277590751648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0167-8655(02)00402-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8655(02)00402-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151820558","display_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","issn_l":"0167-8655","issn":["0167-8655","1872-7344"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321026","display_name":"Ministry of Earth Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/013cf5k59"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321040","display_name":"National Science Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","display_name":"Ministry of Education, India","ror":"https://ror.org/048xjjh50"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497964309","https://openalex.org/W1530929747","https://openalex.org/W1796484693","https://openalex.org/W1826086746","https://openalex.org/W1838947981","https://openalex.org/W1998058925","https://openalex.org/W2004331069","https://openalex.org/W2066021566","https://openalex.org/W2075023970","https://openalex.org/W2075652908","https://openalex.org/W2093104721","https://openalex.org/W2096050104","https://openalex.org/W2098911219","https://openalex.org/W2100781549","https://openalex.org/W2105064805","https://openalex.org/W2106069707","https://openalex.org/W2116467012","https://openalex.org/W2124890704","https://openalex.org/W2126660587","https://openalex.org/W2130809535","https://openalex.org/W2138760583","https://openalex.org/W2141852054","https://openalex.org/W2154452829","https://openalex.org/W2159390040","https://openalex.org/W2161647295","https://openalex.org/W2164413944","https://openalex.org/W2307756920","https://openalex.org/W3142067920","https://openalex.org/W3199461601","https://openalex.org/W6629953422","https://openalex.org/W6638249875","https://openalex.org/W6638403590","https://openalex.org/W6679548899","https://openalex.org/W6801435285"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3127945325","https://openalex.org/W2205085860","https://openalex.org/W2885826910","https://openalex.org/W2134958869","https://openalex.org/W2181427603","https://openalex.org/W2409080236","https://openalex.org/W2977151837","https://openalex.org/W2074995973","https://openalex.org/W2796470635","https://openalex.org/W2771684231"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":70},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":80},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":82},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":72},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":75},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":62}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}