{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2157385573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8655(02)00259-3","title":"Visual cryptography for gray-level images by dithering techniques","display_name":"Visual cryptography for gray-level images by dithering techniques","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2157385573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8655(02)00259-3","mag":"2157385573"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0167-8655(02)00259-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8655(02)00259-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151820558","display_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","issn_l":"0167-8655","issn":["0167-8655","1872-7344"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049027024","display_name":"Chang-Chou Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang-Chou Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, 30050 Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, 30050 Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102160275","display_name":"Wen\u2010Hsiang Tsai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Hsiang Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, 30050 Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, 30050 Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102160275"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"],"apc_list":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.6183,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":258,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97431312,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"1-3","first_page":"349","last_page":"358"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9796000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-cryptography","display_name":"Visual cryptography","score":0.959282636642456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dither","display_name":"Dither","score":0.7238027453422546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.66905277967453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6382297277450562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6264654397964478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5932402014732361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gray-code","display_name":"Gray code","score":0.5559499263763428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5374361276626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-visual-system-model","display_name":"Human visual system model","score":0.5292519927024841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5190306901931763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.4834657311439514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secret-sharing","display_name":"Secret sharing","score":0.45628249645233154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.4466729164123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-image","display_name":"Binary image","score":0.4252280592918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gray","display_name":"Gray (unit)","score":0.42471209168434143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grayscale","display_name":"Grayscale","score":0.41897547245025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3713046908378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3412790596485138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3081229329109192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2904796004295349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.17438313364982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.07719871401786804}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779072331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1597418","display_name":"Visual cryptography","level":4,"score":0.959282636642456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70451592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376493","display_name":"Dither","level":3,"score":0.7238027453422546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.66905277967453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6382297277450562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6264654397964478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5932402014732361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129861397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332772","display_name":"Gray code","level":2,"score":0.5559499263763428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5374361276626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160086991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5939193","display_name":"Human visual system model","level":3,"score":0.5292519927024841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5190306901931763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.4834657311439514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3087436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1386603","display_name":"Secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.45628249645233154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.4466729164123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193828747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864118","display_name":"Binary image","level":4,"score":0.4252280592918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166275286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190095","display_name":"Gray (unit)","level":2,"score":0.42471209168434143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.41897547245025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3713046908378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3412790596485138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3081229329109192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2904796004295349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.17438313364982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.07719871401786804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9083635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2133535","display_name":"Noise shaping","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0167-8655(02)00259-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8655(02)00259-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151820558","display_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","issn_l":"0167-8655","issn":["0167-8655","1872-7344"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.520.6778","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.520.6778","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.asia.edu.tw/Main_pages/about/Former_president_TsaiWH_publications/Journal Paper PDFs/Lin_%26_Tsai_PRL_2003.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503874213","https://openalex.org/W1548691389","https://openalex.org/W1554401715","https://openalex.org/W1574306078","https://openalex.org/W1589946980","https://openalex.org/W1601737223","https://openalex.org/W2018039005","https://openalex.org/W2062010115","https://openalex.org/W2083122891","https://openalex.org/W2141420453","https://openalex.org/W2483346752","https://openalex.org/W2611745365","https://openalex.org/W2913419753","https://openalex.org/W4322095736","https://openalex.org/W6632919021","https://openalex.org/W6633309638","https://openalex.org/W6634398443","https://openalex.org/W6635325871","https://openalex.org/W6758417790"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389128124","https://openalex.org/W4377836556","https://openalex.org/W2355763966","https://openalex.org/W2058986208","https://openalex.org/W2393913750","https://openalex.org/W2091584691","https://openalex.org/W2077628957","https://openalex.org/W2157385573","https://openalex.org/W2235797036","https://openalex.org/W1981731337"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":24}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}