{"id":"https://openalex.org/W8723966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4048(98)80312-x","title":"A cause and effect model of attacks on information systems","display_name":"A cause and effect model of attacks on information systems","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W8723966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4048(98)80312-x","mag":"8723966"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0167-4048(98)80312-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4048(98)80312-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12529635","display_name":"Computers & Security","issn_l":"0167-4048","issn":["0167-4048","1872-6208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers & Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053557747","display_name":"Fred Cohen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4522-6647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fred Cohen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA","Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore, CA 94550, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore, CA 94550, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035120984","display_name":"Cynthia A. Phillips","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-9079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cynthia Phillips","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA","Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore, CA 94550, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore, CA 94550, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031951344","display_name":"Laura Swiler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6385-2241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Painton Swiler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA","Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore, CA 94550, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore, CA 94550, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040595350","display_name":"Timothy Gaylor","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy Gaylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA","Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore, CA 94550, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore, CA 94550, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080284152","display_name":"Patricia Leary","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patricia Leary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA","Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore, CA 94550, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore, CA 94550, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079221090","display_name":"F.M. Rupley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fran Rupley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA","Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore, CA 94550, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore, CA 94550, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063539299","display_name":"Richard Isler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Isler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA","Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore, CA 94550, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore, CA 94550, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8157,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79686408,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"211","last_page":"221"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9811999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5815755724906921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.5260465145111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.48963600397109985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.45571282505989075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4378969669342041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4310835897922516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stock","display_name":"Stock (firearms)","score":0.4236806333065033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stock-market","display_name":"Stock market","score":0.4214667081832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3807380497455597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuarial-science","display_name":"Actuarial science","score":0.33679911494255066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.09744453430175781}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5815755724906921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.5260465145111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.48963600397109985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.45571282505989075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4378969669342041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4310835897922516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204036174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909380","display_name":"Stock (firearms)","level":2,"score":0.4236806333065033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780299701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q475000","display_name":"Stock market","level":3,"score":0.4214667081832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3807380497455597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.33679911494255066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.09744453430175781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780762169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5905368","display_name":"Horse","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0167-4048(98)80312-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4048(98)80312-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12529635","display_name":"Computers & Security","issn_l":"0167-4048","issn":["0167-4048","1872-6208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers & Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2476864898","https://openalex.org/W40494022","https://openalex.org/W77690704","https://openalex.org/W4213017374","https://openalex.org/W4241519009","https://openalex.org/W2971758332","https://openalex.org/W2075643013","https://openalex.org/W2921342200","https://openalex.org/W4381745612","https://openalex.org/W2370669686"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}