{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2075940395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4048(97)00008-4","title":"Cognitive, associative and conventional passwords: Recall and guessing rates","display_name":"Cognitive, associative and conventional passwords: Recall and guessing rates","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2075940395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4048(97)00008-4","mag":"2075940395"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0167-4048(97)00008-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4048(97)00008-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12529635","display_name":"Computers & Security","issn_l":"0167-4048","issn":["0167-4048","1872-6208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers &amp; Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054122798","display_name":"Julie Bunnell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie Bunnell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021388464","display_name":"John Podd","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Podd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113634994","display_name":"Ron Henderson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ron Henderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Psychology, Canberra University, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Psychology, Canberra University, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110116368","display_name":"R. Christopher Napier","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renee Napier","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Trust Project, Australia National University, ACT 0200, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Trust Project, Australia National University, ACT 0200, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055638354","display_name":"James Kennedy-Moffat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Kennedy-Moffat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92378753,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"7","first_page":"629","last_page":"641"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14056","display_name":"Safety Warnings and Signage","score":0.9736999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13155","display_name":"Digital Communication and Language","score":0.9574000239372253,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forgetting","display_name":"Forgetting","score":0.7601087093353271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.7445045113563538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.6912291646003723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.6199688911437988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5485289692878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-strength","display_name":"Password strength","score":0.4828510880470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-recall","display_name":"Free recall","score":0.47856810688972473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alphanumeric","display_name":"Alphanumeric","score":0.4578936696052551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4530200958251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.44920599460601807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3960403501987457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.36958059668540955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1953551471233368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.128423273563385}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7149132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377840","display_name":"Forgetting","level":2,"score":0.7601087093353271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.7445045113563538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.6912291646003723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6199688911437988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5485289692878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70530487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990841","display_name":"Password strength","level":4,"score":0.4828510880470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36668950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5500279","display_name":"Free recall","level":3,"score":0.47856810688972473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781003394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737372","display_name":"Alphanumeric","level":2,"score":0.4578936696052551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4530200958251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.44920599460601807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3960403501987457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.36958059668540955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1953551471233368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.128423273563385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89479133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137840","display_name":"One-time password","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0167-4048(97)00008-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4048(97)00008-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12529635","display_name":"Computers & Security","issn_l":"0167-4048","issn":["0167-4048","1872-6208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers &amp; Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96869143","https://openalex.org/W595602059","https://openalex.org/W645701313","https://openalex.org/W1505010935","https://openalex.org/W1633743783","https://openalex.org/W1968816502","https://openalex.org/W1986982871","https://openalex.org/W2005123196","https://openalex.org/W2016605023","https://openalex.org/W2042206148","https://openalex.org/W2071096774","https://openalex.org/W2124686424","https://openalex.org/W2125638922","https://openalex.org/W2149929743","https://openalex.org/W2163903199","https://openalex.org/W2289123472","https://openalex.org/W2987609019","https://openalex.org/W3000441413","https://openalex.org/W3031091575","https://openalex.org/W6630155293"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2079774992","https://openalex.org/W2596869006","https://openalex.org/W1982308847","https://openalex.org/W2000526605","https://openalex.org/W2040034853","https://openalex.org/W2088943539","https://openalex.org/W4282566429","https://openalex.org/W2036103566","https://openalex.org/W2809559492","https://openalex.org/W2075940395"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T06:36:01.041984","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
