{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1504641618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2458(08)60608-7","title":"Programming Computers to Play Games","display_name":"Programming Computers to Play Games","publication_year":1960,"publication_date":"1960-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1504641618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2458(08)60608-7","mag":"1504641618"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0065-2458(08)60608-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2458(08)60608-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183285281","display_name":"Advances in computers","issn_l":"0065-2458","issn":["0065-2458"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Computers","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103515726","display_name":"Arthur L. Samuel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arthur L. Samuel","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Laboratories Yorktown Heights, New York","IBM Research Laboratories, Yorktown Heights, New York"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Laboratories Yorktown Heights, New York","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Laboratories, Yorktown Heights, New York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103515726"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.0811,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96296296,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"165","last_page":"192"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.925000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9168000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7308453321456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.6538354158401489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing","display_name":"Turing","score":0.6317532062530518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.5696588158607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.5695061683654785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.5469222664833069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5012564659118652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4832633137702942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turns-rounds-and-time-keeping-systems-in-games","display_name":"Turns, rounds and time-keeping systems in games","score":0.4405997097492218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.3230994939804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3044195771217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-game-design","display_name":"Video game design","score":0.24369415640830994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-mechanics","display_name":"Game mechanics","score":0.22659939527511597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.12529873847961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11322307586669922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.10329893231391907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7308453321456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.6538354158401489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9870796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490481","display_name":"Turing","level":2,"score":0.6317532062530518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5696588158607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5695061683654785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5469222664833069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5012564659118652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4832633137702942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56694532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4421045","display_name":"Turns, rounds and time-keeping systems in games","level":4,"score":0.4405997097492218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.3230994939804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3044195771217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47187476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12336660","display_name":"Video game design","level":3,"score":0.24369415640830994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170828538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1751513","display_name":"Game mechanics","level":2,"score":0.22659939527511597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.12529873847961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11322307586669922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.10329893231391907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0065-2458(08)60608-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2458(08)60608-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183285281","display_name":"Advances in computers","issn_l":"0065-2458","issn":["0065-2458"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Computers","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970647289","https://openalex.org/W1999051457","https://openalex.org/W2036049211","https://openalex.org/W2054102673","https://openalex.org/W2078022909","https://openalex.org/W2142816925","https://openalex.org/W2202514763","https://openalex.org/W3023348153","https://openalex.org/W3198350258"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388150944","https://openalex.org/W4242235492","https://openalex.org/W4237162029","https://openalex.org/W2367268135","https://openalex.org/W2385701518","https://openalex.org/W4237464767","https://openalex.org/W2068562251","https://openalex.org/W4252295672","https://openalex.org/W1480190076","https://openalex.org/W2395750098"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}