{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2026374882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3203(97)00057-5","title":"A gabor filter-based method for recognizing handwritten numerals","display_name":"A gabor filter-based method for recognizing handwritten numerals","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2026374882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3203(97)00057-5","mag":"2026374882"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0031-3203(97)00057-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3203(97)00057-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S414566","display_name":"Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"0031-3203","issn":["0031-3203","1873-5142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045224584","display_name":"Yoshihiko Hamamoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4826-3507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173915773","display_name":"Yamaguchi University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cxys317","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173915773"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yoshihiko Hamamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, 755, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, 755, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173915773"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009176874","display_name":"Shunji Uchimura","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173915773","display_name":"Yamaguchi University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cxys317","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173915773"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunji Uchimura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, 755, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, 755, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173915773"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Masanori Watanabe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173915773","display_name":"Yamaguchi University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cxys317","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173915773"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masanori Watanabe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, 755, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, 755, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173915773"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000898210","display_name":"T. Yasuda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2181-7816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173915773","display_name":"Yamaguchi University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cxys317","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173915773"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tetsuya Yasuda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, 755, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, 755, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173915773"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067663760","display_name":"Yoshihiro Mitani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0519-6511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173915773","display_name":"Yamaguchi University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cxys317","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173915773"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshihiro Mitani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, 755, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, 755, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173915773"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112303710","display_name":"Shingo Tomita","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32303036","display_name":"National Institute of Technology, Oshima College","ror":"https://ror.org/037kbz526","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32303036","https://openalex.org/I4210120810"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shingo Tomita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oshima National College of Maritime Technology, Oshima-cho 742-21, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oshima National College of Maritime Technology, Oshima-cho 742-21, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32303036"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045224584"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173915773"],"apc_list":{"value":2710,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2710},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1975,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":148,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89176685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"4","first_page":"395","last_page":"400"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9793999791145325,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13579","display_name":"Image and Video Stabilization","score":0.9663000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gabor-filter","display_name":"Gabor filter","score":0.9008001089096069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7919988036155701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numeral-system","display_name":"Numeral system","score":0.7825769186019897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7087095379829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6875600814819336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.5706208348274231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.5070056915283203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4848081171512604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gabor-wavelet","display_name":"Gabor wavelet","score":0.461118221282959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4223182797431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.4210575222969055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.3470500707626343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.32531142234802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2486279010772705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779883129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2447890","display_name":"Gabor filter","level":3,"score":0.9008001089096069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7919988036155701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204160518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122653","display_name":"Numeral system","level":2,"score":0.7825769186019897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7087095379829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6875600814819336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5706208348274231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.5070056915283203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4848081171512604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136902061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16981559","display_name":"Gabor wavelet","level":5,"score":0.461118221282959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4223182797431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.4210575222969055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3470500707626343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.32531142234802246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2486279010772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46286280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414958","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0031-3203(97)00057-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3203(97)00057-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S414566","display_name":"Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"0031-3203","issn":["0031-3203","1873-5142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W30902120","https://openalex.org/W124968404","https://openalex.org/W365379514","https://openalex.org/W1499486838","https://openalex.org/W1538765405","https://openalex.org/W1976192005","https://openalex.org/W1977791751","https://openalex.org/W2006500012","https://openalex.org/W2023549587","https://openalex.org/W2029683515","https://openalex.org/W2049694710","https://openalex.org/W2079100340","https://openalex.org/W2135346934","https://openalex.org/W2136127238","https://openalex.org/W2138100172","https://openalex.org/W2143786659","https://openalex.org/W2151780908","https://openalex.org/W2159694600","https://openalex.org/W2781469674","https://openalex.org/W2973818247","https://openalex.org/W4238049555","https://openalex.org/W6605090266","https://openalex.org/W6656568942","https://openalex.org/W6680996436","https://openalex.org/W6682665373","https://openalex.org/W6682747227"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2070838085","https://openalex.org/W2374740620","https://openalex.org/W1811332408","https://openalex.org/W1560071024","https://openalex.org/W2518455383","https://openalex.org/W2559560477","https://openalex.org/W2287572544","https://openalex.org/W2009069257","https://openalex.org/W4385218333","https://openalex.org/W37053142"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
