{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2019368935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(89)80011-2","title":"The structure of command languages: an experiment on task-action grammar","display_name":"The structure of command languages: an experiment on task-action grammar","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2019368935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(89)80011-2","mag":"2019368935"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0020-7373(89)80011-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(89)80011-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210225790","display_name":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies","issn_l":"0020-7373","issn":["0020-7373","1879-3614"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319955","host_organization_name":"Academic Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319955","https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Press","Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104063842","display_name":"Stephen J. Payne","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen J. Payne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Psychology and Computing, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA 1 4YF, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Psychology and Computing, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA 1 4YF, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089401547","display_name":"T. R. G. Green","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138183","display_name":"Xerox (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/03c922h13","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132870","https://openalex.org/I4210138183"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T.R.G. Green","raw_affiliation_strings":["MRC Applied Psychology Unit, 15 Chaucer Rd, Cambridge CB2 2EF and Rank Xerox EuroPARC, Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MRC Applied Psychology Unit, 15 Chaucer Rd, Cambridge CB2 2EF and Rank Xerox EuroPARC, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138183"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3745,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":92,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92506938,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"2","first_page":"213","last_page":"234"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7602354288101196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6907843947410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.6503547430038452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5904176235198975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structuring","display_name":"Structuring","score":0.5699741840362549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.5523258447647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.516725480556488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47484591603279114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learnability","display_name":"Learnability","score":0.41457661986351013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.41228196024894714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3962281048297882}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7602354288101196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6907843947410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.6503547430038452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5904176235198975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775945657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381442","display_name":"Structuring","level":2,"score":0.5699741840362549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.5523258447647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.516725480556488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47484591603279114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777723229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4367921","display_name":"Learnability","level":2,"score":0.41457661986351013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.41228196024894714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3962281048297882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0020-7373(89)80011-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(89)80011-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210225790","display_name":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies","issn_l":"0020-7373","issn":["0020-7373","1879-3614"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319955","host_organization_name":"Academic Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319955","https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Press","Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W75574558","https://openalex.org/W158309502","https://openalex.org/W648585879","https://openalex.org/W1966629784","https://openalex.org/W1980551681","https://openalex.org/W1999047205","https://openalex.org/W2009134190","https://openalex.org/W2028691633","https://openalex.org/W2033862425","https://openalex.org/W2036579133","https://openalex.org/W2039694848","https://openalex.org/W2063145598","https://openalex.org/W2070599506","https://openalex.org/W2118398801","https://openalex.org/W2315761891","https://openalex.org/W2495761211","https://openalex.org/W2913148887","https://openalex.org/W3160042174","https://openalex.org/W4253560352","https://openalex.org/W6603093760","https://openalex.org/W6606434734","https://openalex.org/W7028194457"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4302791369","https://openalex.org/W2951285859","https://openalex.org/W2766040214","https://openalex.org/W72092541","https://openalex.org/W1973394166","https://openalex.org/W37360785","https://openalex.org/W180475243","https://openalex.org/W2098466205","https://openalex.org/W1966604104","https://openalex.org/W4237453455"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}