{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2070386923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(85)80073-0","title":"What non-programmers know about programming: Natural language procedure specification","display_name":"What non-programmers know about programming: Natural language procedure specification","publication_year":1985,"publication_date":"1985-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2070386923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(85)80073-0","mag":"2070386923"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0020-7373(85)80073-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(85)80073-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210225790","display_name":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies","issn_l":"0020-7373","issn":["0020-7373","1879-3614"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319955","host_organization_name":"Academic Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319955","https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Press","Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028821082","display_name":"Kathleen M. Galotti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I922845939","display_name":"Philadelphia University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zzmyz63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I922845939"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kathleen M. Galotti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 16802, U.S.A","University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 16802, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I922845939","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098633674","display_name":"William F. Ganong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I886237282","display_name":"Repligen (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05ggvgr57","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I886237282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William F. Ganong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kurzweil Applied Intelligence Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, U.S.A","Kurzweil Applied Intelligence Inc., Waltham, MA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kurzweil Applied Intelligence Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I886237282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kurzweil Applied Intelligence Inc., Waltham, MA#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15546411,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9520000219345093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9336000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8146822452545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5860560536384583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competence","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","score":0.5803910493850708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.5414867401123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3545653223991394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24823790788650513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.17853757739067078}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8146822452545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5860560536384583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.5803910493850708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5414867401123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3545653223991394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24823790788650513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.17853757739067078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0020-7373(85)80073-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(85)80073-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210225790","display_name":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies","issn_l":"0020-7373","issn":["0020-7373","1879-3614"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319955","host_organization_name":"Academic Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319955","https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Press","Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1590532644","https://openalex.org/W1971715890","https://openalex.org/W1973719497","https://openalex.org/W2016839846","https://openalex.org/W2023607146","https://openalex.org/W2039694848","https://openalex.org/W2049375866","https://openalex.org/W2095379033","https://openalex.org/W2264742718","https://openalex.org/W4248753242","https://openalex.org/W4253339504","https://openalex.org/W6635437867","https://openalex.org/W6656291893","https://openalex.org/W6693199996"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T06:23:43.705686","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
