{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1993673396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(84)80035-8","title":"Organization and learnability in computer languages","display_name":"Organization and learnability in computer languages","publication_year":1984,"publication_date":"1984-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1993673396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(84)80035-8","mag":"1993673396"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0020-7373(84)80035-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(84)80035-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210225790","display_name":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies","issn_l":"0020-7373","issn":["0020-7373","1879-3614"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319955","host_organization_name":"Academic Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319955","https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Press","Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022844895","display_name":"T.R.G. Green","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802506851","display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03n0ht308","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802506851","https://openalex.org/I4210087105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T.R.G. Green","raw_affiliation_strings":["MRC/ESRC Social and Applied Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K","The University, Sheffield, UK#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MRC/ESRC Social and Applied Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802506851"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University, Sheffield, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104063842","display_name":"Stephen J. Payne","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802506851","display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03n0ht308","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802506851","https://openalex.org/I4210087105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.J. Payne","raw_affiliation_strings":["MRC/ESRC Social and Applied Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K","The University, Sheffield, UK#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MRC/ESRC Social and Applied Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802506851"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University, Sheffield, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8252,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93456199,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"7","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9830999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learnability","display_name":"Learnability","score":0.856187105178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7179418802261353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.6217831373214722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.5731835961341858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.543900191783905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.4607999622821808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4607122838497162}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777723229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4367921","display_name":"Learnability","level":2,"score":0.856187105178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7179418802261353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.6217831373214722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.5731835961341858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.543900191783905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4607999622821808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4607122838497162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0020-7373(84)80035-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(84)80035-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210225790","display_name":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies","issn_l":"0020-7373","issn":["0020-7373","1879-3614"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319955","host_organization_name":"Academic Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319955","https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Press","Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515751484","https://openalex.org/W1966183622","https://openalex.org/W1966629784","https://openalex.org/W1972320112","https://openalex.org/W1980551681","https://openalex.org/W1991181015","https://openalex.org/W1994036169","https://openalex.org/W1997042879","https://openalex.org/W2016823619","https://openalex.org/W2016839846","https://openalex.org/W2033862425","https://openalex.org/W2039694848","https://openalex.org/W2040885497","https://openalex.org/W2046260226","https://openalex.org/W2046466923","https://openalex.org/W2059975159","https://openalex.org/W2062766658","https://openalex.org/W2319612616","https://openalex.org/W4237710308","https://openalex.org/W4243824705","https://openalex.org/W4253339504","https://openalex.org/W6648259511","https://openalex.org/W6662135193","https://openalex.org/W6665698582"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4302791369","https://openalex.org/W2951285859","https://openalex.org/W2766040214","https://openalex.org/W72092541","https://openalex.org/W37360785","https://openalex.org/W1973394166","https://openalex.org/W180475243","https://openalex.org/W2098466205","https://openalex.org/W1966604104","https://openalex.org/W1649482245"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}