{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2094894014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(83)80049-2","title":"Steps toward graceful interaction in spoken and written man-machine communication","display_name":"Steps toward graceful interaction in spoken and written man-machine communication","publication_year":1983,"publication_date":"1983-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2094894014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(83)80049-2","mag":"2094894014"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0020-7373(83)80049-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(83)80049-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210225790","display_name":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies","issn_l":"0020-7373","issn":["0020-7373","1879-3614"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319955","host_organization_name":"Academic Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319955","https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Press","Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109532544","display_name":"Philip J. Hayes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip J. Hayes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103359811","display_name":"D. Raj Reddy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Raj Reddy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0942,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":103,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94444444,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"231","last_page":"284"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7775436043739319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.6728959679603577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6704797744750977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.5659269094467163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/casual","display_name":"Casual","score":0.5346224904060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.5194165706634521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.5076988935470581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.4859505891799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.47217386960983276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.45061105489730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface","display_name":"User interface","score":0.4334825575351715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41881227493286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4179571270942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3541605770587921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.19367092847824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.17476648092269897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.1531708538532257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10650622844696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10107186436653137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7775436043739319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.6728959679603577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6704797744750977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.5659269094467163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2275793","display_name":"Casual","level":2,"score":0.5346224904060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.5194165706634521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.5076988935470581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4859505891799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.47217386960983276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.45061105489730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.4334825575351715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41881227493286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4179571270942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3541605770587921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.19367092847824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.17476648092269897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.1531708538532257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10650622844696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10107186436653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0020-7373(83)80049-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7373(83)80049-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210225790","display_name":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies","issn_l":"0020-7373","issn":["0020-7373","1879-3614"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319955","host_organization_name":"Academic Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319955","https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Press","Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2751752","https://openalex.org/W17296649","https://openalex.org/W43516256","https://openalex.org/W53998823","https://openalex.org/W63493895","https://openalex.org/W68496363","https://openalex.org/W320205907","https://openalex.org/W1485983381","https://openalex.org/W1488207627","https://openalex.org/W1493820687","https://openalex.org/W1495042688","https://openalex.org/W1495683013","https://openalex.org/W1499285081","https://openalex.org/W1500643282","https://openalex.org/W1514623078","https://openalex.org/W1516140354","https://openalex.org/W1533070959","https://openalex.org/W1540212288","https://openalex.org/W1540289222","https://openalex.org/W1542756637","https://openalex.org/W1564844429","https://openalex.org/W1573330584","https://openalex.org/W1587553644","https://openalex.org/W1602312040","https://openalex.org/W1647770672","https://openalex.org/W1931484673","https://openalex.org/W1978347212","https://openalex.org/W1980298376","https://openalex.org/W1981627423","https://openalex.org/W1995504560","https://openalex.org/W2005814556","https://openalex.org/W2035032881","https://openalex.org/W2054685590","https://openalex.org/W2061141062","https://openalex.org/W2092035679","https://openalex.org/W2099531122","https://openalex.org/W2105898877","https://openalex.org/W2109202285","https://openalex.org/W2109878893","https://openalex.org/W2113849656","https://openalex.org/W2121946911","https://openalex.org/W2136374365","https://openalex.org/W2138543567","https://openalex.org/W2151709115","https://openalex.org/W2152909313","https://openalex.org/W2153190547","https://openalex.org/W2157581273","https://openalex.org/W2158217915","https://openalex.org/W2161466446","https://openalex.org/W2170166939","https://openalex.org/W2175268987","https://openalex.org/W2264742718","https://openalex.org/W2294249599","https://openalex.org/W2326887107","https://openalex.org/W2622759881","https://openalex.org/W2911292476","https://openalex.org/W3021292343","https://openalex.org/W3196332710","https://openalex.org/W4236521339","https://openalex.org/W4247489260","https://openalex.org/W4250493791","https://openalex.org/W4299447173","https://openalex.org/W6600685745","https://openalex.org/W6601754220","https://openalex.org/W6602685022","https://openalex.org/W6602810913","https://openalex.org/W6611044745","https://openalex.org/W6626298548","https://openalex.org/W6629017727","https://openalex.org/W6629168782","https://openalex.org/W6629525480","https://openalex.org/W6629846547","https://openalex.org/W6630151096","https://openalex.org/W6630931622","https://openalex.org/W6630964892","https://openalex.org/W6632020319","https://openalex.org/W6632392188","https://openalex.org/W6632568409","https://openalex.org/W6633729148","https://openalex.org/W6634206210","https://openalex.org/W6635234694","https://openalex.org/W6635997950","https://openalex.org/W6636801476","https://openalex.org/W6640619722","https://openalex.org/W6674756934","https://openalex.org/W6675845938","https://openalex.org/W6676266277","https://openalex.org/W6678067405","https://openalex.org/W6678146773","https://openalex.org/W6682479788","https://openalex.org/W6683282517","https://openalex.org/W6685023346","https://openalex.org/W6693199996","https://openalex.org/W6696998694","https://openalex.org/W6697211839","https://openalex.org/W7005399533"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1005754617","https://openalex.org/W756683672","https://openalex.org/W2979523788","https://openalex.org/W2014044877","https://openalex.org/W2490317329","https://openalex.org/W3141514971","https://openalex.org/W1673318806","https://openalex.org/W2166929399","https://openalex.org/W2293063786","https://openalex.org/W2911292476"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}