{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000866565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0019-9958(76)90341-7","title":"Formal translations and Szilard languages","display_name":"Formal translations and Szilard languages","publication_year":1976,"publication_date":"1976-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000866565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0019-9958(76)90341-7","mag":"2000866565"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0019-9958(76)90341-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0019-9958(76)90341-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192454","display_name":"Information and Control","issn_l":"0019-9958","issn":["0019-9958","1878-2981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319955","host_organization_name":"Academic Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319955","https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Press","Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110215305","display_name":"H.-P. Kriegel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119349","display_name":"Karlsruhe University of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/01t1kq612","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119349"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"H.P. Kriegel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Karlsruhe, D-7500 Karlsruhe, Western-Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Karlsruhe, D-7500 Karlsruhe, Western-Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119349"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026864542","display_name":"Hermann Maurer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119349","display_name":"Karlsruhe University of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/01t1kq612","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119349"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H.A. Maurer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Karlsruhe, D-7500 Karlsruhe, Western-Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Karlsruhe, D-7500 Karlsruhe, Western-Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119349"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110215305"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119349"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.352,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87429775,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"2","first_page":"187","last_page":"198"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.6867488622665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6786539554595947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.6466663479804993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.6150921583175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-adjoining-grammar","display_name":"Tree-adjoining grammar","score":0.5976684093475342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-free-grammar","display_name":"Context-free grammar","score":0.5381228923797607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-sensitive-grammar","display_name":"Context-sensitive grammar","score":0.497665673494339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4650401175022125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indexed-grammar","display_name":"Indexed grammar","score":0.45268455147743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/l-attributed-grammar","display_name":"L-attributed grammar","score":0.446706622838974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4359932243824005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-grammar","display_name":"Formal grammar","score":0.4245506227016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.40812933444976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3404359221458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.055009424686431885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.6867488622665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6786539554595947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.6466663479804993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.6150921583175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134083981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754022","display_name":"Tree-adjoining grammar","level":4,"score":0.5976684093475342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97212296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338047","display_name":"Context-free grammar","level":3,"score":0.5381228923797607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125950753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908674","display_name":"Context-sensitive grammar","level":4,"score":0.497665673494339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4650401175022125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79243999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6590011","display_name":"Indexed grammar","level":5,"score":0.45268455147743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67621940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3113340","display_name":"L-attributed grammar","level":4,"score":0.446706622838974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4359932243824005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171553443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373045","display_name":"Formal grammar","level":3,"score":0.4245506227016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.40812933444976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3404359221458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.055009424686431885}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0019-9958(76)90341-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0019-9958(76)90341-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192454","display_name":"Information and Control","issn_l":"0019-9958","issn":["0019-9958","1878-2981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319955","host_organization_name":"Academic Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319955","https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Press","Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994891006","https://openalex.org/W2025206446","https://openalex.org/W2048808408","https://openalex.org/W2076749875","https://openalex.org/W2914032487"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388481545","https://openalex.org/W37677999","https://openalex.org/W3008122807","https://openalex.org/W1970209336","https://openalex.org/W3162507233","https://openalex.org/W2041988689","https://openalex.org/W2403874525","https://openalex.org/W2153803459","https://openalex.org/W2792956200","https://openalex.org/W1847229592"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T14:07:55.174380","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}