{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2040712685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0019-9958(64)90326-2","title":"A note on the entropy of words in printed English","display_name":"A note on the entropy of words in printed English","publication_year":1964,"publication_date":"1964-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2040712685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0019-9958(64)90326-2","mag":"2040712685"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0019-9958(64)90326-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0019-9958(64)90326-2","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019995864903262/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192454","display_name":"Information and Control","issn_l":"0019-9958","issn":["0019-9958","1878-2981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319955","host_organization_name":"Academic Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319955","https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Press","Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019995864903262/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021540329","display_name":"Mario C. Grignetti","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mario C. Grignetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA","Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021540329"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5173,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67678227,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":"304","last_page":"306"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9226999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9226999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.542154848575592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.536893904209137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4381275177001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.42175230383872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.40023988485336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3353242874145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.33353757858276367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32643288373947144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.10739096999168396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.10577675700187683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08750683069229126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.542154848575592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.536893904209137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4381275177001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.42175230383872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.40023988485336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3353242874145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.33353757858276367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32643288373947144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.10739096999168396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.10577675700187683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08750683069229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0019-9958(64)90326-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0019-9958(64)90326-2","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019995864903262/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192454","display_name":"Information and Control","issn_l":"0019-9958","issn":["0019-9958","1878-2981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319955","host_organization_name":"Academic Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319955","https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Press","Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0019-9958(64)90326-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0019-9958(64)90326-2","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019995864903262/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192454","display_name":"Information and Control","issn_l":"0019-9958","issn":["0019-9958","1878-2981"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319955","host_organization_name":"Academic Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319955","https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Press","Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information and Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2040712685.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2040712685.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1551729744","https://openalex.org/W1705752413","https://openalex.org/W1963576772","https://openalex.org/W2038106696","https://openalex.org/W2079145130","https://openalex.org/W2079656678","https://openalex.org/W2079730890","https://openalex.org/W4212806751","https://openalex.org/W6640841841"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1922851888","https://openalex.org/W1569283511","https://openalex.org/W4236193183","https://openalex.org/W2406961220","https://openalex.org/W2053866214","https://openalex.org/W2607505004","https://openalex.org/W2231795205","https://openalex.org/W4249530125","https://openalex.org/W2523632547","https://openalex.org/W1944601446"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}