{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968749753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-4825(97)00022-x","title":"Microprocessor based spatial tens (transcutaneous electric nerve stimulator) designed with waveform optimality for clinical evaluation in a pain study","display_name":"Microprocessor based spatial tens (transcutaneous electric nerve stimulator) designed with waveform optimality for clinical evaluation in a pain study","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968749753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-4825(97)00022-x","mag":"1968749753","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9437551"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0010-4825(97)00022-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-4825(97)00022-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44278595","display_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","issn_l":"0010-4825","issn":["0010-4825","1879-0534"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067122442","display_name":"D.W. Repperger","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D.W. Repperger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Armstrong Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Armstrong Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108798911","display_name":"Charles Ho","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131414","display_name":"Dayton VA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjk6p58","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210127612","https://openalex.org/I4210131414"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C.C. Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["VA Medical Center, Dayton, OH 45428, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VA Medical Center, Dayton, OH 45428, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131414"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059119764","display_name":"P. Aukuthota","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131414","display_name":"Dayton VA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjk6p58","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210127612","https://openalex.org/I4210131414"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Aukuthota","raw_affiliation_strings":["VA Medical Center, Dayton, OH 45428, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VA Medical Center, Dayton, OH 45428, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131414"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103491123","display_name":"Camryn L. Phillips","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2099-0254"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19648265","display_name":"Wright State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qk6pt94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19648265"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C.A. Phillips","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19648265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018946366","display_name":"D.C. Johnson","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D.C. Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Armstrong Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Armstrong Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111724303","display_name":"Stephen R. Collins","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131414","display_name":"Dayton VA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjk6p58","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210127612","https://openalex.org/I4210131414"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.R. Collins","raw_affiliation_strings":["VA Medical Center, Dayton, OH 45428, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VA Medical Center, Dayton, OH 45428, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131414"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067122442"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2610,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2610},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03199286,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"6","first_page":"493","last_page":"505"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.8049435615539551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microprocessor","display_name":"Microprocessor","score":0.7205260992050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5809548497200012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.4934662878513336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-engineering","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","score":0.4553414583206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3249722123146057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3214460611343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.32019203901290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.31828129291534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.29220402240753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17030254006385803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12293887138366699}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.8049435615539551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780728072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5297","display_name":"Microprocessor","level":2,"score":0.7205260992050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5809548497200012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.4934662878513336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4553414583206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3249722123146057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3214460611343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.32019203901290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.31828129291534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.29220402240753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17030254006385803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12293887138366699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004561","descriptor_name":"Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004561","descriptor_name":"Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004561","descriptor_name":"Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004561","descriptor_name":"Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004561","descriptor_name":"Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004561","descriptor_name":"Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004582","descriptor_name":"Electronics, Medical","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004582","descriptor_name":"Electronics, Medical","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004582","descriptor_name":"Electronics, Medical","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005069","descriptor_name":"Evaluation Studies as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005069","descriptor_name":"Evaluation Studies as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005069","descriptor_name":"Evaluation Studies as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008838","descriptor_name":"Microcomputers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008838","descriptor_name":"Microcomputers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008838","descriptor_name":"Microcomputers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012044","descriptor_name":"Regression Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012044","descriptor_name":"Regression Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012044","descriptor_name":"Regression Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012879","descriptor_name":"Skin Physiological Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012879","descriptor_name":"Skin Physiological Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012879","descriptor_name":"Skin Physiological Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017060","descriptor_name":"Patient Satisfaction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017060","descriptor_name":"Patient Satisfaction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017060","descriptor_name":"Patient Satisfaction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017097","descriptor_name":"Electric Impedance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017097","descriptor_name":"Electric Impedance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017097","descriptor_name":"Electric Impedance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059408","descriptor_name":"Pain Management","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059408","descriptor_name":"Pain Management","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059408","descriptor_name":"Pain Management","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0010-4825(97)00022-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-4825(97)00022-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44278595","display_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","issn_l":"0010-4825","issn":["0010-4825","1879-0534"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9437551","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9437551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in biology and medicine","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1593113184","https://openalex.org/W2021755508","https://openalex.org/W2056346864","https://openalex.org/W2066727414","https://openalex.org/W2115969310","https://openalex.org/W2128174061","https://openalex.org/W2167450177","https://openalex.org/W2416839259","https://openalex.org/W6679337592"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W39373273","https://openalex.org/W1974895211","https://openalex.org/W2176409448","https://openalex.org/W2129841057","https://openalex.org/W3040712279","https://openalex.org/W2364769705","https://openalex.org/W4367555392","https://openalex.org/W2374664672","https://openalex.org/W2357771869","https://openalex.org/W1935435487"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}