{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2044481830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-4825(97)00011-5","title":"Modeling medical trials in pharmacoeconomics using a temporal object model","display_name":"Modeling medical trials in pharmacoeconomics using a temporal object model","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2044481830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-4825(97)00011-5","mag":"2044481830","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9397340"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0010-4825(97)00011-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-4825(97)00011-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44278595","display_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","issn_l":"0010-4825","issn":["0010-4825","1879-0534"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026969499","display_name":"Iqbal A. Goralwalla","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Iqbal A. Goralwalla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada","Laboratory for Database Systems Research, Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H1"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Database Systems Research, Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H1","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014972038","display_name":"M. TAMER \u00d6ZSU","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8126-1717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.Tamer \u00d6zsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Database Systems Research, Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H1"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Database Systems Research, Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H1","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000711683","display_name":"Duane Szafron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7864-6811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duane Szafron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Database Systems Research, Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H1"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Database Systems Research, Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H1","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026969499"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"],"apc_list":{"value":2610,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2610},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0427,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91497035,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"5","first_page":"369","last_page":"387"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacoeconomics","display_name":"Pharmacoeconomics","score":0.7879633903503418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timeline","display_name":"Timeline","score":0.7360248565673828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7268985509872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.566344141960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4895363748073578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.4684807062149048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34038734436035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3226485252380371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2395690679550171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10634654760360718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensive-care-medicine","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","score":0.10245773196220398}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776738588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1567856","display_name":"Pharmacoeconomics","level":2,"score":0.7879633903503418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4438859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186117","display_name":"Timeline","level":2,"score":0.7360248565673828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7268985509872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.566344141960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4895363748073578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4684807062149048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34038734436035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3226485252380371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2395690679550171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10634654760360718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.10245773196220398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003362","descriptor_name":"Cost-Benefit Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003362","descriptor_name":"Cost-Benefit Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003362","descriptor_name":"Cost-Benefit Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003628","descriptor_name":"Database Management Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003628","descriptor_name":"Database Management Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003628","descriptor_name":"Database Management Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004358","descriptor_name":"Drug Therapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004358","descriptor_name":"Drug Therapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004358","descriptor_name":"Drug Therapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013995","descriptor_name":"Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013995","descriptor_name":"Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013995","descriptor_name":"Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013996","descriptor_name":"Time and Motion Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013996","descriptor_name":"Time and Motion Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013996","descriptor_name":"Time and Motion Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018803","descriptor_name":"Models, Economic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018803","descriptor_name":"Models, Economic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018803","descriptor_name":"Models, Economic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0010-4825(97)00011-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-4825(97)00011-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S44278595","display_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","issn_l":"0010-4825","issn":["0010-4825","1879-0534"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in Biology and Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9397340","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9397340","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers in biology and medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.31.7836","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.31.7836","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~database/TIGUKAT/papers/cbm96/cbm.ps.Z","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W34748465","https://openalex.org/W82517701","https://openalex.org/W92669349","https://openalex.org/W182552746","https://openalex.org/W1545642291","https://openalex.org/W1569988106","https://openalex.org/W1573970774","https://openalex.org/W1595102089","https://openalex.org/W1600717910","https://openalex.org/W1807544183","https://openalex.org/W1876515049","https://openalex.org/W1947383236","https://openalex.org/W1985479396","https://openalex.org/W2012051692","https://openalex.org/W2036504066","https://openalex.org/W2067481201","https://openalex.org/W2072838876","https://openalex.org/W2098012655","https://openalex.org/W2119147338","https://openalex.org/W2122540544","https://openalex.org/W2165467455","https://openalex.org/W2167068797","https://openalex.org/W2185907055","https://openalex.org/W2225422347","https://openalex.org/W2295562782","https://openalex.org/W2653473023","https://openalex.org/W4249023634","https://openalex.org/W6601404744","https://openalex.org/W6603334342","https://openalex.org/W6603756638","https://openalex.org/W6632690181","https://openalex.org/W6634267979","https://openalex.org/W6634346001","https://openalex.org/W6635844472","https://openalex.org/W6636124389","https://openalex.org/W6638590307","https://openalex.org/W6638610123","https://openalex.org/W6640630852","https://openalex.org/W6646513183","https://openalex.org/W6668679190","https://openalex.org/W6674730575","https://openalex.org/W6678082210","https://openalex.org/W6940503693"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1858249912","https://openalex.org/W2114034199","https://openalex.org/W2317428717","https://openalex.org/W2734259032","https://openalex.org/W4385261515","https://openalex.org/W3094038556","https://openalex.org/W4296345146","https://openalex.org/W2014772881","https://openalex.org/W4254228154","https://openalex.org/W3049477255"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
