{"id":"https://openalex.org/W16144991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0004-3702(83)80004-6","title":"Theory formation by heuristic search","display_name":"Theory formation by heuristic search","publication_year":1983,"publication_date":"1983-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W16144991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0004-3702(83)80004-6","mag":"16144991"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0004-3702(83)80004-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0004-3702(83)80004-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023283817","display_name":"Douglas B. Lenat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9637-0046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Douglas B. Lenat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A","Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023283817"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":3670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3670},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.9213,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":102,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99531835,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1-2","first_page":"31","last_page":"59"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9666000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9666000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9311000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.9371306896209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/successor-cardinal","display_name":"Successor cardinal","score":0.7319636344909668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6586164832115173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.6242239475250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5580633282661438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-heuristics","display_name":"Social heuristics","score":0.54509037733078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.507845938205719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37278860807418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.36193233728408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1884661316871643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11498421430587769}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.9371306896209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75306776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7632662","display_name":"Successor cardinal","level":2,"score":0.7319636344909668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6586164832115173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.6242239475250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5580633282661438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139475501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17081866","display_name":"Social heuristics","level":4,"score":0.54509037733078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.507845938205719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37278860807418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.36193233728408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1884661316871643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11498421430587769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206836424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1510761","display_name":"Social change","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25148115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304904","display_name":"Social competence","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0004-3702(83)80004-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0004-3702(83)80004-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39784927","https://openalex.org/W68718114","https://openalex.org/W77675607","https://openalex.org/W127874511","https://openalex.org/W574136202","https://openalex.org/W647082418","https://openalex.org/W1488252886","https://openalex.org/W1497508425","https://openalex.org/W1520514439","https://openalex.org/W1968079292","https://openalex.org/W1970185999","https://openalex.org/W2028571865","https://openalex.org/W2064430731","https://openalex.org/W2065758324","https://openalex.org/W2087552937","https://openalex.org/W2096635190","https://openalex.org/W2110293626","https://openalex.org/W2118888533","https://openalex.org/W2132174753","https://openalex.org/W2152909313","https://openalex.org/W2592134983","https://openalex.org/W3023284143","https://openalex.org/W6602788394","https://openalex.org/W6608280181","https://openalex.org/W6629403180","https://openalex.org/W6631138418","https://openalex.org/W6658100694"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4234655524","https://openalex.org/W2193108746","https://openalex.org/W3177062893","https://openalex.org/W2186466241","https://openalex.org/W3125143773","https://openalex.org/W2349650017","https://openalex.org/W2140032605","https://openalex.org/W4283767871","https://openalex.org/W4214900641","https://openalex.org/W2007032764"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}