{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2101137458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0004-3702(01)00114-x","title":"A probabilistic approach to solving crossword puzzles","display_name":"A probabilistic approach to solving crossword puzzles","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2101137458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0004-3702(01)00114-x","mag":"2101137458"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0004-3702(01)00114-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0004-3702(01)00114-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009722403","display_name":"Michael L. Littman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5596-1840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283103587","display_name":"AT&T (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02bbd5539","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael L. Littman","raw_affiliation_strings":["AT&T Labs Research, Florham Park, NJ 07932-0971, USA","AT&T Labs\u2014\u2014Research, Florham Park, NJ#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AT&T Labs Research, Florham Park, NJ 07932-0971, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AT&T Labs\u2014\u2014Research, Florham Park, NJ#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034126998","display_name":"Greg A. Keim","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greg A. Keim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Farfield Language Technologies, 165 South Main St., Harrisonburg, VA 22801, USA","Farfield Language Technologies, Harrisonburg, VA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Farfield Language Technologies, 165 South Main St., Harrisonburg, VA 22801, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Farfield Language Technologies, Harrisonburg, VA#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021878400","display_name":"Noam Shazeer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noam Shazeer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, 2400 Bayshore Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA","Google, Mountain View, CA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, 2400 Bayshore Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, CA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009722403"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"],"apc_list":{"value":3670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3670},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.851,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":81,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88409618,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"134","issue":"1-2","first_page":"23","last_page":"55"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7808427214622498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.7084854245185852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6414835453033447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.6362860202789307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.6211089491844177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.554787278175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.545390248298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-solver","display_name":"Problem solver","score":0.5377002358436584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.40279626846313477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36722666025161743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3399675488471985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2214704155921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12497836351394653}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7808427214622498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.7084854245185852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6414835453033447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.6362860202789307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.6211089491844177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.554787278175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.545390248298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019612716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q730920","display_name":"Problem solver","level":2,"score":0.5377002358436584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.40279626846313477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36722666025161743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3399675488471985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2214704155921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12497836351394653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/s0004-3702(01)00114-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0004-3702(01)00114-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164549","https://openalex.org/W1483940455","https://openalex.org/W1558184472","https://openalex.org/W1568426241","https://openalex.org/W1570973162","https://openalex.org/W1577626262","https://openalex.org/W1600397135","https://openalex.org/W1846765585","https://openalex.org/W1956559956","https://openalex.org/W1964821516","https://openalex.org/W1968833464","https://openalex.org/W1969483458","https://openalex.org/W1983578042","https://openalex.org/W2011039300","https://openalex.org/W2073853190","https://openalex.org/W2102381086","https://openalex.org/W2129031807","https://openalex.org/W2135432705","https://openalex.org/W2147152072","https://openalex.org/W2159080219","https://openalex.org/W2325227998","https://openalex.org/W2911823491","https://openalex.org/W2913256821","https://openalex.org/W3143799279","https://openalex.org/W4250143236","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6600005756","https://openalex.org/W6628746067","https://openalex.org/W6633670702","https://openalex.org/W6633956720","https://openalex.org/W6634629387","https://openalex.org/W6635181589"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1831966704","https://openalex.org/W1788326836","https://openalex.org/W101294428","https://openalex.org/W2068266569","https://openalex.org/W2166829200","https://openalex.org/W2491820882","https://openalex.org/W2034521617","https://openalex.org/W134510804","https://openalex.org/W569967362","https://openalex.org/W3014798065"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T14:07:55.174380","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}