{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415321804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2025.103598","title":"Linux for safety-critical systems: A survey","display_name":"Linux for safety-critical systems: A survey","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415321804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2025.103598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.sysarc.2025.103598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2025.103598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S127660348","display_name":"Journal of Systems Architecture","issn_l":"1383-7621","issn":["1383-7621","1873-6165"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Systems Architecture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2025.103598","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048313418","display_name":"M. Galarraga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4558-1501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121514","display_name":"GAIKER Technology Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/02pwsw017","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121514"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140267","display_name":"Ikerlan","ror":"https://ror.org/03hp1m080","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140267"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Markel Galarraga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Informatics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Donostia-San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain","Ikerlan Technology Research Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Arrasate/Mondragon, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4558-1501","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Donostia-San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ikerlan Technology Research Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Arrasate/Mondragon, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121514","https://openalex.org/I4210140267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088971443","display_name":"Charles-Alexis Lefebvre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9092-9379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121514","display_name":"GAIKER Technology Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/02pwsw017","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121514"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140267","display_name":"Ikerlan","ror":"https://ror.org/03hp1m080","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140267"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles-Alexis Lefebvre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ikerlan Technology Research Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Arrasate/Mondragon, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ikerlan Technology Research Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Arrasate/Mondragon, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121514","https://openalex.org/I4210140267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067624233","display_name":"Jon P\u00e9rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6389-648X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121514","display_name":"GAIKER Technology Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/02pwsw017","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121514"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140267","display_name":"Ikerlan","ror":"https://ror.org/03hp1m080","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140267"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Perez-Cerrolaza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ikerlan Technology Research Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Arrasate/Mondragon, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ikerlan Technology Research Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Arrasate/Mondragon, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121514","https://openalex.org/I4210140267"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101889047","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 A. Pascual","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5355-6537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose A. Pascual","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Informatics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Donostia-San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Donostia-San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048313418"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374","https://openalex.org/I4210121514","https://openalex.org/I4210140267"],"apc_list":{"value":2800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2800},"apc_paid":{"value":2800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2800},"fwci":1.6901,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86225475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"169","issue":null,"first_page":"103598","last_page":"103598"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5407000184059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criticality","display_name":"Criticality","score":0.4415000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.43160000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.4228000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.39469999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-critical-system","display_name":"Life-critical system","score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-analytics","display_name":"Software analytics","score":0.32739999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8600999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5407000184059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125611927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008131","display_name":"Criticality","level":2,"score":0.4415000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.43160000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.4228000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.39469999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163707989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1996307","display_name":"Life-critical system","level":3,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171981572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554239","display_name":"Software analytics","level":5,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154488198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335007","display_name":"Embedded software","level":3,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48002344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2919644","display_name":"Verification and validation","level":2,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198140048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859422","display_name":"Software versioning","level":3,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174683762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609588","display_name":"Component-based software engineering","level":4,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139968098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055454","display_name":"Development environment","level":2,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.2583000063896179}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.sysarc.2025.103598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2025.103598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S127660348","display_name":"Journal of Systems Architecture","issn_l":"1383-7621","issn":["1383-7621","1873-6165"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Systems Architecture","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.sysarc.2025.103598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2025.103598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S127660348","display_name":"Journal of Systems Architecture","issn_l":"1383-7621","issn":["1383-7621","1873-6165"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Systems Architecture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3735821387","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CER-20231011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5476189434","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"projectsKK-2023/00012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5914213083","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G929635697","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2023-152390NB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza","ror":"https://ror.org/00pz2fp31"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W409045608","https://openalex.org/W1566671959","https://openalex.org/W1739112924","https://openalex.org/W1964612838","https://openalex.org/W1984102801","https://openalex.org/W1988687960","https://openalex.org/W1992208352","https://openalex.org/W2026546032","https://openalex.org/W2145071552","https://openalex.org/W2158928997","https://openalex.org/W2168037895","https://openalex.org/W2186847384","https://openalex.org/W2277043818","https://openalex.org/W2295890609","https://openalex.org/W2297747681","https://openalex.org/W2343568200","https://openalex.org/W2395052211","https://openalex.org/W2477460037","https://openalex.org/W2489280374","https://openalex.org/W2600886468","https://openalex.org/W2615257672","https://openalex.org/W2795056095","https://openalex.org/W2902517162","https://openalex.org/W2915541671","https://openalex.org/W2954039348","https://openalex.org/W2976439716","https://openalex.org/W3015966526","https://openalex.org/W3128035894","https://openalex.org/W3152491513","https://openalex.org/W3162465792","https://openalex.org/W3163360027","https://openalex.org/W3169347747","https://openalex.org/W3185866143","https://openalex.org/W3199978469","https://openalex.org/W3203854799","https://openalex.org/W4232735065","https://openalex.org/W4232900548","https://openalex.org/W4235704607","https://openalex.org/W4236360319","https://openalex.org/W4239877461","https://openalex.org/W4240014952","https://openalex.org/W4240918209","https://openalex.org/W4241219741","https://openalex.org/W4242746603","https://openalex.org/W4243030609","https://openalex.org/W4245387154","https://openalex.org/W4248025016","https://openalex.org/W4251427757","https://openalex.org/W4251620760","https://openalex.org/W4253664238","https://openalex.org/W4253805099","https://openalex.org/W4254057358","https://openalex.org/W4285451858","https://openalex.org/W4285718612","https://openalex.org/W4286220308","https://openalex.org/W4292821610","https://openalex.org/W4293089051","https://openalex.org/W4293256812","https://openalex.org/W4298205916","https://openalex.org/W4362576811","https://openalex.org/W4362653717","https://openalex.org/W4376561497","https://openalex.org/W4376571587","https://openalex.org/W4377825917","https://openalex.org/W4384521927","https://openalex.org/W4385413707","https://openalex.org/W4387527822","https://openalex.org/W4388742330","https://openalex.org/W4389287786","https://openalex.org/W4401946050","https://openalex.org/W4403446812","https://openalex.org/W4406047375","https://openalex.org/W4407051766","https://openalex.org/W4414957351"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Next-generation":[0],"safety-critical":[1,45,127],"systems,":[2],"such":[3,80],"as":[4,38,81],"autonomous":[5],"vehicles,":[6],"are":[7,31],"increasingly":[8],"complex":[9],"systems":[10,46,54],"integrating":[11,103],"high-performance":[12],"computing":[13,65],"devices,":[14,66],"diverse":[15],"software":[16,22,67,104],"stacks,":[17],"machine":[18,70],"learning":[19,71],"algorithms":[20],"and":[21,29,55,61,69,89,91,120],"applications":[23,105],"of":[24,64,77,106,126,145],"different":[25,107],"safety":[26,78,108],"criticality.":[27],"Industry":[28],"academia":[30],"showing":[32],"growing":[33],"interest":[34],"in":[35,43,52],"using":[36],"Linux":[37,122],"a":[39,95],"general-purpose":[40],"operating":[41],"system":[42],"these":[44,135],"due":[47],"to":[48],"its":[49],"widespread":[50,62],"adoption":[51],"embedded":[53],"critical":[56],"domains":[57],"(e.g.,":[58],"telecommunications,":[59],"banking)":[60],"support":[63],"stacks":[68],"software.":[72],"However,":[73],"meeting":[74],"the":[75,100,124,132,146],"requirements":[76],"standards,":[79],"systematic":[82],"error":[83],"reduction":[84],"techniques,":[85],"random":[86],"fault":[87],"tolerance,":[88],"temporal":[90],"spatial":[92],"independence,":[93],"becomes":[94],"challenge.":[96],"This":[97,112],"is":[98],"especially":[99],"case":[101],"when":[102],"criticality":[109],"(mixed":[110],"criticality).":[111],"literature":[113],"survey":[114],"examines":[115],"works":[116,136],"that":[117],"propose,":[118],"analyze":[119],"extend":[121],"for":[123],"development":[125],"systems.":[128],"We":[129],"also":[130,141],"identify":[131],"main":[133,147],"challenges":[134],"focus":[137],"on.":[138],"Finally,":[139],"we":[140],"present":[142],"an":[143],"overview":[144],"industry":[148],"efforts.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-14T06:11:07.267592","created_date":"2025-10-19T00:00:00"}
