{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140184264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2026.103473","title":"A survey on web testing: On the rise of AI and applications in industry","display_name":"A survey on web testing: On the rise of AI and applications in industry","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140184264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2026.103473"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.scico.2026.103473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2026.103473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S21029587","display_name":"Science of Computer Programming","issn_l":"0167-6423","issn":["0167-6423","1872-7964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science of Computer Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2026.103473","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Iva Kertusha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7285-676X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800207870","display_name":"H\u00f8yskolen Kristiania","ror":"https://ror.org/03gss5916","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800207870"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Iva Kertusha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kristiania University of Applied Sciences, Kirkegata 24-26, Oslo, 0153, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7285-676X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kristiania University of Applied Sciences, Kirkegata 24-26, Oslo, 0153, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800207870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gebremariam Assres","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6760-690X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800207870","display_name":"H\u00f8yskolen Kristiania","ror":"https://ror.org/03gss5916","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800207870"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gebremariam Assres","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kristiania University of Applied Sciences, Kirkegata 24-26, Oslo, 0153, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6760-690X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kristiania University of Applied Sciences, Kirkegata 24-26, Oslo, 0153, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800207870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Onur Duman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2489-8981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195939026","display_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvm1235","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Onur Duman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA, Scotland, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2489-8981","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA, Scotland, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andrea Arcuri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0799-2930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800207870","display_name":"H\u00f8yskolen Kristiania","ror":"https://ror.org/03gss5916","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800207870"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Arcuri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kristiania University of Applied Sciences, Kirkegata 24-26, Oslo, 0153, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0799-2930","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kristiania University of Applied Sciences, Kirkegata 24-26, Oslo, 0153, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800207870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800207870"],"apc_list":{"value":2460,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2460},"apc_paid":{"value":2460,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2460},"fwci":16.06,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98255814,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"253","issue":null,"first_page":"103473","last_page":"103473"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9121999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9121999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.007300000172108412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.006399999838322401,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-testing","display_name":"Web testing","score":0.5728999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-intelligence","display_name":"Web intelligence","score":0.5489000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-standards","display_name":"Web standards","score":0.5357000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5339000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-engineering","display_name":"Web engineering","score":0.49309998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-modeling","display_name":"Web modeling","score":0.42649999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"Web application","score":0.4065999984741211}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42989059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978626","display_name":"Web testing","level":5,"score":0.5728999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544335954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2553348","display_name":"Web intelligence","level":4,"score":0.5489000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182321512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153289","display_name":"Web standards","level":3,"score":0.5357000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5339000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97200028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196135","display_name":"Web engineering","level":5,"score":0.49309998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.44690001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130436687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978591","display_name":"Web modeling","level":3,"score":0.42649999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.4065999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C516187249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10719477","display_name":"Web analytics","level":5,"score":0.39719998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79373723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386275","display_name":"Web development","level":3,"score":0.3637000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59241245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781497","display_name":"Web application security","level":4,"score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.33550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188598960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705805","display_name":"Test strategy","level":3,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521306242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190637","display_name":"Web design","level":3,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162005631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Data Web","level":3,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35578498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193424","display_name":"Web service","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136699151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131164","display_name":"Web 2.0","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.scico.2026.103473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2026.103473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S21029587","display_name":"Science of Computer Programming","issn_l":"0167-6423","issn":["0167-6423","1872-7964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science of Computer Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.gcu.ac.uk:openaire/0c1895e4-09a0-43f1-af62-489ceaf31bc2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchonline.gcu.ac.uk/en/publications/0c1895e4-09a0-43f1-af62-489ceaf31bc2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402566","display_name":"ResearchOnline (Glasgow Caledonian University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I195939026","host_organization_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kertusha, I, Assres, G, Duman, O & Arcuri, A 2026, 'A survey on web testing: on the rise of AI and applications in industry', Science of Computer Programming, vol. 253, 103473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2026.103473","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.scico.2026.103473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2026.103473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S21029587","display_name":"Science of Computer Programming","issn_l":"0167-6423","issn":["0167-6423","1872-7964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science of Computer Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5325279235839844,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":86,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W89570574","https://openalex.org/W163074494","https://openalex.org/W306569659","https://openalex.org/W878206596","https://openalex.org/W1527815941","https://openalex.org/W1580459345","https://openalex.org/W1940269223","https://openalex.org/W1971714222","https://openalex.org/W2031114560","https://openalex.org/W2032754744","https://openalex.org/W2036896594","https://openalex.org/W2043839920","https://openalex.org/W2054691023","https://openalex.org/W2059353895","https://openalex.org/W2111607551","https://openalex.org/W2119272062","https://openalex.org/W2136191038","https://openalex.org/W2170806228","https://openalex.org/W2291581632","https://openalex.org/W2296296438","https://openalex.org/W2317351521","https://openalex.org/W2342683793","https://openalex.org/W2474567798","https://openalex.org/W2523673022","https://openalex.org/W2547445186","https://openalex.org/W2570420616","https://openalex.org/W2577042338","https://openalex.org/W2594580537","https://openalex.org/W2768363122","https://openalex.org/W2770130962","https://openalex.org/W2771718012","https://openalex.org/W2772008372","https://openalex.org/W2793051425","https://openalex.org/W2793053902","https://openalex.org/W2806246076","https://openalex.org/W2809981234","https://openalex.org/W2887610583","https://openalex.org/W2888333498","https://openalex.org/W2896786920","https://openalex.org/W2901011200","https://openalex.org/W2906640661","https://openalex.org/W2935331941","https://openalex.org/W2937506036","https://openalex.org/W2941522337","https://openalex.org/W2946727759","https://openalex.org/W3022870375","https://openalex.org/W3038389348","https://openalex.org/W3038917532","https://openalex.org/W3048102786","https://openalex.org/W3087669891","https://openalex.org/W3089539168","https://openalex.org/W3128169615","https://openalex.org/W3146771850","https://openalex.org/W3165332536","https://openalex.org/W3165430709","https://openalex.org/W3168043721","https://openalex.org/W3183411826","https://openalex.org/W3210114756","https://openalex.org/W3210529140","https://openalex.org/W3215931484","https://openalex.org/W4220942280","https://openalex.org/W4224311332","https://openalex.org/W4226499507","https://openalex.org/W4231909692","https://openalex.org/W4233149463","https://openalex.org/W4283168627","https://openalex.org/W4286637516","https://openalex.org/W4291634568","https://openalex.org/W4293834909","https://openalex.org/W4297910443","https://openalex.org/W4307059230","https://openalex.org/W4308804325","https://openalex.org/W4309694800","https://openalex.org/W4309768003","https://openalex.org/W4319068675","https://openalex.org/W4320487225","https://openalex.org/W4323029316","https://openalex.org/W4379647149","https://openalex.org/W4388776876","https://openalex.org/W4389904173","https://openalex.org/W4391892540","https://openalex.org/W4400569744","https://openalex.org/W4401358476","https://openalex.org/W4401624167","https://openalex.org/W4404959563","https://openalex.org/W4408121380"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\u2022":[0,13,21],"Analyze":[1,14,22],"Web":[2,30],"Testing":[3],"methodologies,":[4,63],"tools":[5,217],"and":[6,42,65,84,107,151,166,187,201],"trends":[7,66],"on":[8,60,133],"the":[9,15,23,39,75,91,94,99,102,108,111,127,143,172,178,197,204],"last":[10],"decade":[11],"(2014-2025)":[12],"rate":[16],"of":[17,25,44,104,110,163,174,180,199],"collaboration":[18,200],"with":[19,124,203],"industry.":[20,205],"role":[24,179],"AI":[26],"in":[27,47,86,138,168,183,189,209],"web":[28,45,61,117,169],"testing.":[29,140],"application":[31],"testing":[32,62,118,170,176],"is":[33,142,213],"an":[34,48],"essential":[35],"practice":[36],"to":[37,69,196],"ensure":[38],"reliability,":[40],"security,":[41],"performance":[43],"systems":[46,212],"increasingly":[49],"digital":[50],"world.":[51],"This":[52],"paper":[53],"presents":[54],"a":[55,160],"systematic":[56],"literature":[57],"survey":[58,76,92],"focusing":[59],"tools,":[64,82],"from":[67],"2014":[68],"2025.":[70],"By":[71],"analyzing":[72],"258research":[73],"papers,":[74],"identifies":[77],"key":[78],"trends,":[79,164],"demographics,":[80],"contributions,":[81],"challenges,":[83],"innovations":[85],"this":[87],"domain.":[88],"In":[89],"addition,":[90],"analyzes":[93],"experimental":[95],"setups":[96],"adopted":[97],"by":[98],"studies,":[100],"including":[101],"number":[103],"participants":[105],"involved":[106],"outcomes":[109],"experiments.":[112],"Our":[113],"results":[114],"show":[115],"that":[116],"research":[119],"has":[120],"been":[121],"highly":[122],"active,":[123],"ICST":[125],"as":[126],"leading":[128],"venue.":[129],"Most":[130],"studies":[131,153],"focus":[132],"novel":[134],"techniques,":[135],"emphasizing":[136],"automation":[137],"black-box":[139],"Selenium":[141],"most":[144],"widely":[145],"used":[146],"tool,":[147],"while":[148],"industrial":[149,211],"adoption":[150],"human":[152],"remain":[154],"comparatively":[155],"limited.":[156],"The":[157],"findings":[158],"provide":[159],"detailed":[161],"overview":[162],"advancements,":[165],"challenges":[167],"research,":[171],"evolution":[173],"automated":[175],"methods,":[177],"artificial":[181],"intelligence":[182],"test":[184],"case":[185],"generation,":[186],"gaps":[188],"current":[190],"research.":[191],"Special":[192],"attention":[193],"was":[194],"given":[195],"level":[198],"engagement":[202],"A":[206],"positive":[207],"trend":[208],"using":[210],"observed,":[214],"though":[215],"many":[216],"lack":[218],"open-source":[219],"availability.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-13T07:31:44.756512","created_date":"2026-03-25T00:00:00"}
