{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131097924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2026.103464","title":"Generating formal smart-contract specifications: comparing few-shot learning and fine-tuned LLMs","display_name":"Generating formal smart-contract specifications: comparing few-shot learning and fine-tuned LLMs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131097924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2026.103464"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.scico.2026.103464","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2026.103464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S21029587","display_name":"Science of Computer Programming","issn_l":"0167-6423","issn":["0167-6423","1872-7964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science of Computer Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132697510","display_name":"Gabriel Leite","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25112270","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/047908t24","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25112270"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Leite","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0232-8076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25112270"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051713078","display_name":"Filipe Arruda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1111-9142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086656","display_name":"Centro de Tecnologias Estrat\u00e9gicas do Nordeste","ror":"https://ror.org/002a3ss66","country_code":"BR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086656","https://openalex.org/I4210151455"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filipe Arruda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Tecnologias Estrat\u00e9gicas do Nordeste, MCTI, Recife, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1111-9142","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Tecnologias Estrat\u00e9gicas do Nordeste, MCTI, Recife, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012870378","display_name":"Pedro Antonino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5627-0910"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Antonino","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Blockhouse Technology Limited, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5627-0910","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Blockhouse Technology Limited, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041930802","display_name":"Augusto Sampaio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6593-577X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25112270","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/047908t24","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25112270"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Augusto Sampaio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6593-577X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25112270"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126650768","display_name":"A.W. Roscoe","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.W. Roscoe","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Blockhouse Technology Limited, Oxford, UK","University College Oxford Blockchain Research Centre, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7557-3901","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Blockhouse Technology Limited, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College Oxford Blockchain Research Centre, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5132697510"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25112270"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2600},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13661847,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"252","issue":null,"first_page":"103464","last_page":"103464"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.2379000037908554,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.2379000037908554,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.04430000111460686,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.04349999874830246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solidity","display_name":"Solidity","score":0.902899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6194999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.44279998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.439300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.39559999108314514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9031000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778362873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24909565","display_name":"Solidity","level":2,"score":0.902899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6194999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.444599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.44279998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.439300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.40450000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.39559999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116253237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437424","display_name":"Formal specification","level":2,"score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201677973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209840","display_name":"Specification language","level":2,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.25839999318122864}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.scico.2026.103464","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2026.103464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S21029587","display_name":"Science of Computer Programming","issn_l":"0167-6423","issn":["0167-6423","1872-7964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science of Computer Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541653499","https://openalex.org/W1985501032","https://openalex.org/W2052115808","https://openalex.org/W2081720016","https://openalex.org/W2496251943","https://openalex.org/W2996512072","https://openalex.org/W4377291442","https://openalex.org/W4391876619","https://openalex.org/W4403890733","https://openalex.org/W4407697148","https://openalex.org/W4408749890"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-02-24T00:00:00"}
