{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140212580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.03.094","title":"Comparative Evaluation of XAI Techniques for CNN Interpretation in Parkinson\u2019s Drawing Test Classification","display_name":"Comparative Evaluation of XAI Techniques for CNN Interpretation in Parkinson\u2019s Drawing Test Classification","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140212580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.03.094"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2026.03.094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.03.094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.03.094","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Oluwandabira O. Alawode","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oluwandabira O. Alawode","raw_affiliation_strings":["HPC center, IT Colledge, School of Information Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology - TalTech, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HPC center, IT Colledge, School of Information Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology - TalTech, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Elli Valla","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elli Valla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Technologies, School of Information Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology - TalTech, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Technologies, School of Information Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology - TalTech, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Aaro Toomela","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaro Toomela","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sven N\u00f5mm","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sven N\u00f5mm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Science, School of Information Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology - TalTech, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Science, School of Information Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology - TalTech, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63076416,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"278","issue":null,"first_page":"1145","last_page":"1152"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10085","display_name":"Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.33880001306533813,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10085","display_name":"Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.33880001306533813,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Neurological disorders and treatments","score":0.08940000087022781,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.07720000296831131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5526000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5013999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attribution","display_name":"Attribution","score":0.4885999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4498000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.37439998984336853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5526000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5013999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143299363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900584","display_name":"Attribution","level":2,"score":0.4885999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4498000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.37439998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14669888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4014850","display_name":"Creative visualization","level":3,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992886853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18381816","display_name":"Post hoc","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2026.03.094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.03.094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.procs.2026.03.094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2026.03.094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120348307","display_name":"Procedia Computer Science","issn_l":"1877-0509","issn":["1877-0509"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedia Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321090","display_name":"Eesti Teadusagentuur","ror":"https://ror.org/00jjeja18"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968126004","https://openalex.org/W1970868395","https://openalex.org/W2052794775","https://openalex.org/W2145954079","https://openalex.org/W2152316935","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2265145536","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2885420314","https://openalex.org/W2889985731","https://openalex.org/W2909858518","https://openalex.org/W2920975138","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W3005128652","https://openalex.org/W3010219363","https://openalex.org/W3035253074","https://openalex.org/W4213145762","https://openalex.org/W4244258293","https://openalex.org/W4313201966","https://openalex.org/W4386951421","https://openalex.org/W4391848979","https://openalex.org/W4394744926"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"explores":[2],"the":[3,71,90],"integration":[4],"of":[5,106,228],"explainable":[6],"artificial":[7],"intelligence":[8],"(XAI)":[9],"techniques":[10,179],"with":[11,70,126,140,163,183,263],"convolutional":[12],"neural":[13],"networks":[14],"(CNNs)":[15],"to":[16,114],"classify":[17],"digitised":[18],"motor":[19,41,186,258],"assessments,":[20],"specifically,":[21],"Archimedean":[22],"spiral":[23,135],"and":[24,50,66,93,97,119,180,235,260],"line":[25,150],"drawing":[26],"tests,":[27,151],"for":[28],"Parkinson\u2019s":[29],"disease":[30,265],"(PD)":[31],"diagnostics.":[32],"Although":[33],"CNNs":[34],"have":[35],"achieved":[36,75],"high":[37],"accuracy":[38],"in":[39,68,134,149,221,242],"analyzing":[40,222],"patterns,":[42,259],"their":[43],"opaque":[44],"decision":[45],"processes":[46],"limit":[47],"clinical":[48],"trust":[49],"adoption.":[51],"To":[52,238],"address":[53],"this,":[54],"we":[55],"evaluated":[56],"post":[57],"hoc":[58],"explanation":[59],"methods":[60,172],"including":[61],"ScoreCAM,":[62],"GradCAM,":[63],"AblationCAM,":[64],"SHAP":[65,143],"others":[67],"combination":[69],"ConvNeXtV2":[72],"architecture,":[73],"which":[74],"strong":[76],"classification":[77],"performance":[78],"(accuracy":[79],"0.90,":[80],"F1":[81],"score":[82],"0.89).":[83],"Explanations":[84],"were":[85],"assessed":[86],"both":[87,233],"quantitatively,":[88],"using":[89],"infidelity":[91,108,129],"metric,":[92],"qualitatively":[94],"through":[95],"visualisation":[96],"expert":[98],"interpretation.":[99],"Our":[100],"results":[101],"revealed":[102],"a":[103],"wide":[104],"range":[105],"mean":[107],"values":[109],"across":[110,178],"methods,":[111],"from":[112],"5e-08":[113],"5e-02.":[115],"Methods":[116],"like":[117],"AblationCAM":[118],"GradCAM":[120],"produced":[121],"compact,":[122],"clinically":[123,184,236],"plausible":[124],"heatmaps":[125],"consistently":[127],"low":[128],"scores":[130],"(e.g.,":[131],"<1e-03),":[132],"especially":[133],"drawings":[136],"where":[137],"attention":[138],"aligned":[139],"distortion-prone":[141],"regions.":[142],"offered":[144],"more":[145],"granular,":[146],"stroke-specific":[147],"attributions":[148],"despite":[152],"slightly":[153],"higher":[154],"infidelity.":[155],"In":[156],"contrast,":[157],"ScoreCAM":[158],"yielded":[159],"spatially":[160],"diffuse":[161],"activations":[162],"poor":[164],"fidelity,":[165],"often":[166],"highlighting":[167],"non-informative":[168],"areas.":[169],"While":[170],"several":[171],"generated":[173],"visually":[174],"interpretable":[175],"outputs,":[176],"inconsistencies":[177],"limited":[181],"overlap":[182],"relevant":[185],"features":[187],"highlighted":[188],"persistent":[189],"gaps.":[190],"No":[191],"method":[192],"reliably":[193],"focused":[194],"on":[195],"full":[196],"stroke":[197],"trajectories":[198],"or":[199,210],"regions":[200],"typically":[201],"affected":[202],"by":[203],"PD,":[204],"such":[205],"as":[206],"areas":[207],"showing":[208],"micrographia":[209],"tremor.":[211],"These":[212],"findings":[213],"suggest":[214],"that":[215,231],"current":[216],"XAI":[217,246],"techniques,":[218],"although":[219],"helpful":[220],"localised":[223],"model":[224],"behavior,":[225],"fall":[226],"short":[227],"producing":[229],"explanations":[230],"are":[232],"faithful":[234],"meaningful.":[237],"support":[239],"real-world":[240],"adoption":[241],"neurological":[243],"diagnostics,":[244],"future":[245],"approaches":[247],"must":[248],"go":[249],"beyond":[250],"attribution":[251],"heatmaps,":[252],"incorporating":[253],"domain":[254],"knowledge,":[255],"modeling":[256],"global":[257],"aligning":[261],"outputs":[262],"known":[264],"mechanisms.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-25T08:17:42.794288","created_date":"2026-03-25T00:00:00"}
